Ground Converter – Ground to Square Feet, Cent, Square Meter, Acre & Gajam

Written and fact-checked by Aadil Saif. Arithmetic independently re-verified · Last updated September 2026

Part of the India Land Unit Converter series.

Most units in this series have no instrument behind them. This one does: the Tamil Nadu Urban Land Tax Act 1966 defines a ground in its own definitions section, and makes it the threshold of a tax exemption. So the research went in two directions the other pages could not go. What the statute actually says, and whether the unit it defines is the one Tamil Nadu's land is recorded in. The answer to the second is no, and it is measurable.

The Answer, First

1 ground = 2,400 square feet = 222.967296 square metres = 5.509641873… cents = 266.6̅ square yards = 1/18.15 acre.

One ground, in	Amount	Terminates?
Square feet	2,400	yes
Square metres	222.967296	yes
Square yards	266.6̅	no, recurring
Cents	5.509641873…	no, recurring
Acres	0.0550964187…	no, recurring
Gajam (square yards)	266.6̅	no
Ankanam	33.3̅	no

Popular Ground Conversions

Ground	Square Feet	Square Meter	Cent	Acre	Gajam
1	2,400	222.967296	5.509642	0.055096	266.666667
2	4,800	445.934592	11.019284	0.110193	533.333333
3	7,200	668.901888	16.528926	0.165289	800
5	12,000	1,114.83648	27.548209	0.275482	1,333.333333
10	24,000	2,229.67296	55.096419	0.550964	2,666.666667
20	48,000	4,459.34592	110.192837	1.101928	5,333.333333
50	120,000	11,148.3648	275.482094	2.754821	13,333.333333
100	240,000	22,296.7296	550.964187	5.509642	26,666.666667
200	480,000	44,593.4592	1,101.928375	11.019284	53,333.333333
500	1,200,000	111,483.648	2,754.820937	27.548209	133,333.333333
1,000	2,400,000	222,967.296	5,509.641873	55.096419	266,666.666667

Three things that table does not say.

The ground has a statutory definition, and it rounds. Section 2(8-A) of the Tamil Nadu Urban Land Tax Act 1966 defines a ground as "an area comprising two hundred and twenty three square metres (two thousand and four hundred square feet)". Two thousand four hundred square feet is 222.967296 square metres, not 223. The Act puts the rounded metric figure first and the exact imperial one in brackets.

The ground and the cent do not nest. Tamil Nadu records land in cents and prices it in grounds, and 2,400 does not divide by 435.6. One ground is 2000/363 cents, 5.509641873…, recurring for ever. A holding cannot be stated exactly in both units at once, so one of the two figures on any document is a conversion of the other.

It is a market unit, not a record unit. In the Madras High Court's own corpus, "cents of land" returns 6,239 documents and "grounds of land" returns 262, about twenty-four to one. That is a proxy: it counts the language of reported judgments rather than reading the documents behind them. On that evidence the ground is what Chennai property is sold in, and not what Tamil Nadu's land is written down in.

Convert The answer, first · To square feet and metres · To cent and acre · The small units

Understand The statute that defines it · Priced in grounds, recorded in cents · The ground and the cent do not nest · What the judgments confirm · Four mistakes

Check FAQ · Sources and method

Convert to a specific unit: Acre · Ankanam · Ares · Bigha · Biswa · Biswa Kacha · Cent · Chatak · Decimal · Dhur · Dismil · Gaj · Gajam · Guntha · Hectare · Kanal · Katha · Killa · Lessa · Marla · Murabba · Nali · Perch · Pura · Square Centimeter · Square Feet · Square Inch · Square Karam · Square Kilometer · Square Meter · Square Mile · Square Yard

Every one of the other thirty-two units has a section on this page. Where two units are the same area their table would be identical, so the second section points at the first rather than repeating it.

Ground to Other Units – Quick Conversion Formula

Every factor is a ground's own size, 2,400 square feet, divided by the target unit's. To check any row by hand, take that number, divide, and compare.

Each one comes from a single anchor, the acre at 43,560 square feet, by exact fraction arithmetic. Where a factor recurs, the formula gives the fraction rather than a rounded decimal, because a rounded factor is a wrong instruction rather than an approximate one: the fraction is what has to be carried wherever the arithmetic must close.

Conversion	Formula	Status
Ground to Acre	Ground ÷ 18.15	Recurring
Ground to Ankanam	Ground ÷ 0.03	Recurring · Ankanam is regional. This row is the Standard; also 66.666667
Ground to Ares	Ground × 2.22967296	Exact
Ground to Bigha	Ground ÷ 11.34375	Recurring · Bigha is regional. This row is the UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca; also 0.264463, 0.352617, 0.137741 and 5 more
Ground to Biswa	Ground ÷ 0.5671875	Recurring · Biswa is regional. This row is the UP / Rajasthan pucca; also 2.754821, 5.289256, 5.509642
Ground to Biswa Kacha	Ground ÷ 0.1890625	Recurring · Biswa Kacha is regional. This row is the Punjab / Haryana revenue; also 2.754821
Ground to Cent	Ground ÷ 0.1815	Recurring
Ground to Chatak	Ground ÷ 0.01875	Recurring
Ground to Decimal	Ground ÷ 0.1815	Recurring
Ground to Dhur	Ground ÷ 0.028359375	Recurring · Dhur is regional. This row is the Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain); also 666.666667
Ground to Dismil	Ground ÷ 0.1815	Recurring
Ground to Gaj	Ground ÷ 0.00375	Recurring
Ground to Gajam	Ground ÷ 0.00375	Recurring
Ground to Guntha	Ground ÷ 0.45375	Recurring
Ground to Hectare	Ground × 0.0222967296	Exact
Ground to Kanal	Ground ÷ 2.26875	Recurring · Kanal is regional. This row is the Standard (66-inch karam); also 0.533333, 0.580718, 0.658436
Ground to Katha	Ground ÷ 0.5671875	Recurring · Katha is regional. This row is the Bihar state standard; also 3.333333, 0.833333, 1.37741 and 2 more
Ground to Killa	Ground ÷ 18.15	Recurring
Ground to Lessa	Ground ÷ 0.06	Recurring
Ground to Marla	Ground ÷ 0.1134375	Recurring · Marla is regional. This row is the Standard (66-inch karam); also 10.666667, 11.614367, 13.168724 and 1 more
Ground to Murabba	Ground ÷ 453.75	Recurring · Murabba is regional. This row is the Punjab canal colony; also 0.003526
Ground to Nali	Ground ÷ 0.9	Recurring
Ground to Perch	Ground ÷ 0.1134375	Recurring
Ground to Pura	Ground ÷ 24	Recurring
Ground to Square Centimeter	Ground × 2,229,672.96	Exact
Ground to Square Feet	Ground × 2,400	Exact
Ground to Square Inch	Ground × 345,600	Exact
Ground to Square Karam	Ground × 9,600/121	Recurring · Square Karam is regional. This row is the Standard (66-inch karam); also 96, 104.529301, 118.518519
Ground to Square Kilometer	Ground × 0.000222967296	Exact
Ground to Square Meter	Ground × 222.967296	Exact
Ground to Square Mile	Ground ÷ 11,616	Recurring
Ground to Square Yard	Ground ÷ 0.00375	Recurring

The Statute That Defines It

Almost nothing in Indian land measurement is defined by an instrument. The kanal is not. The Punjab murabba is not. The bigha is not, anywhere. This series grades most of its central values reported for that reason, and says so.

The ground is different, and the difference is worth reading in full.

"ground" means an area comprising two hundred and twenty three square metres (two thousand and four hundred square feet) , Tamil Nadu Urban Land Tax Act 1966, section 2(8-A)

That is an enacted definition in a live tax statute, with a section number. It is the strongest evidence for any unit on any page of this series.

And it rounds its own figure, in the leading position

Two thousand four hundred square feet is 222.967296 square metres, exactly, because the foot is defined as 0.3048 metre exactly and 2,400 × 0.09290304 leaves no remainder. The Act says 223.

	Square metres	Square feet
The exact area	222.967296	2,400
What s.2(8-A) states	223	2,400
Difference	0.032704	0.352

The gap is 0.0147%: thirty-five hundredths of a square foot, on a plot of 2,400. Nothing turns on it in a transaction, and it is worth stating for a different reason: the statute's primary number is the derived and rounded one, and its bracketed number is the exact one. A reader who converts from 223 square metres, taking the Act at its leading word, gets 2,400.35 square feet and a mismatch they cannot explain.

The ground is the threshold of a tax

The Act does not define the ground for the sake of a glossary. It uses it:

Section 29-A(1) exempts an owner from urban land tax where the total extent of urban land held "does not exceed one ground", with a proviso covering an owner who crosses the threshold during a fasli year and then falls back under it.
Section 29-A(2) caps the exemption at an aggregate of two grounds where land is held in more than one place.
Section 44(i) applies a one-ground test to non-residential use in the Madras City Belt Area.

So in Tamil Nadu the ground is not only a convention of the property market. It is the unit in which a liability begins, which is a reason to know exactly where 2,400 square feet ends, and a reason the 0.352 square feet above is worth having stated once.

What this page does not claim about the statute

Whether the definition has been amended since the text quoted here was published has not been established, and the currency of the Act as a whole is a question for a practitioner rather than a converter. Nor was any other Tamil Nadu instrument found using the ground: the Town and Country Planning legislation and the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority's regulations were searched and no defining provision was retrieved. One statute defines this unit, and this page rests on that one.

Priced in Grounds, Recorded in Cents

Tamil Nadu uses two units for the same land, and they belong to two different documents.

Query, Madras High Court corpus	Documents
`"cents of land"`	6,239
`"grounds of land"`	262
`"grounds of land"` with `"patta"`	64
`"per ground"`, a rupee rate	148

Run 10 September 2026. doctypes:chennai is Indian Kanoon's filter for the Madras High Court, which covers Tamil Nadu and Puducherry; it does not reach the district courts, the revenue tribunals or the registration department, so these are counts of reported High Court judgments and nothing wider.

About twenty-four to one toward the cent. What that measures directly is the language of litigation: how often each word appears in the Madras High Court's reported judgments. It is a proxy for what the documents behind those judgments say, not a reading of the documents themselves, and it is stated here as a proxy. What makes the reading a reasonable one is the direction of the two sub-counts below, which point the same way from inside the same corpus. On that evidence the patta, the chitta and the adangal are written in cents and acres, and the ground is what a Chennai plot is advertised, negotiated and valued in. The two sub-counts make the split sharper than the headline ratio does: the ground turns up as a price denominator in 148 documents and beside the revenue record's own word in 64. It is more than twice as likely to be attached to a rupee figure as to a patta.

Guideline values show both in one breath. In India Tourism Development Corporation v. M.R. Junaitha Begum (Madras High Court, 2021) the same judgment records "the guideline value at Rs.13,700 per sq.ft." and, separately, that "the value of the land per ground was fixed".

What follows for a reader. If you are reading a patta and the figure is in cents, converting it to grounds is a market translation, not a legal one, and it will not come out even, see below. If you are reading a sale agreement in grounds and need the revenue equivalent, do the arithmetic once, keep the exact fraction, and put the rounded figure in brackets rather than the other way round.

What the digitised record does with it

Tamil Nadu's land records are online, the patta and chitta extracts through the revenue portal, and the registration department's own valuation and encumbrance search separately. This page has not established what unit those systems display, and it will not guess: an extract's on-screen unit is a question of what the portal was built to render, and no rule prescribing it was located.

What the judgment quoted above does show is that both units reach the same transaction from different directions, one valuation, two denominators, in a single decision. A reader should therefore expect to meet the ground on the market side of a Chennai purchase and the cent on the revenue side, and should not expect either system to convert for them.

Why every published count of this unit is wrong

ground doctypes:chennai returns 326,668 documents. The count for the unit is 262.

The ratio is about 1,247 to 1, and the reason is that ground is the only unit in this series whose name is an ordinary word of legal English: grounds of appeal, on the ground that, no grounds for interference. A bare search for the unit returns the language.

Every figure on this page therefore uses a phrase that the ordinary sense cannot satisfy ("grounds of land", "per ground"), and the raw number is printed here so that a reader who repeats the search and gets three hundred thousand hits knows why. This is the only unit in the series that needs the warning, and it is the one where a confident-looking statistic is easiest to produce by accident.

The Ground and the Cent Do Not Nest

This is the practical fact a Chennai reader most needs and no converter states.

	Square feet
One ground	2,400
One cent	435.6

Divide: 1 ground = 2000/363 cents = 5.509641873…, which never terminates. Turn it round and it does: 1 cent = 0.1815 grounds, exactly. The conversion terminates one way and recurs the other, which is unusual and is worth knowing before you decide which direction to do the arithmetic in.

The ground does go evenly into an acre, as the cent does:

	Per acre	Exact?
Cents	100	yes, by definition
Grounds	18.15	yes
Square yards	4,840	yes

So the ground does divide the acre exactly, 18.15 of them, but the cent and the ground miss each other, because 2,400 and 435.6 share no useful factor. The cent is a hundredth of an acre; the ground is 2,400 square feet chosen for a building plot, and nobody reconciled the two.

Four consequences worth knowing.

Convert cents to grounds, not grounds to cents. Cents to grounds is exact, multiply by 0.1815 and stop. Ten cents is 1.815 grounds exactly; twenty cents is 3.63. Grounds to cents is the direction that recurs.
A whole number of cents is almost never a whole number of grounds even so. 1.815 is exact but it is not a whole number, and the first figure that is whole in both is 2,000 cents = 363 grounds, twenty acres, far above any Chennai plot. Below that, one of the two figures always carries a fraction.
If you must round, round once and say which figure is exact. Five grounds is 27.548… cents. Writing "27.5 cents" loses exactly 21 square feet; writing "28 cents" gains 196.8. Either is defensible in a document that says the ground figure is the exact one.
Never convert twice. Grounds to cents and back, rounded each time, drifts. Keep the square-foot figure: it is a whole number in grounds and in cents alike, and it is the only common ground the two units have.

What the Judgments Confirm, and One They Cannot

Two Madras judgments state the ground without being asked to.

"one ground (2400 square feet)" , Maya alias Maya Vijayamma v. State of Tamil Nadu, Madras High Court, 28 August 2023

"3272 square feet (one ground and 872 square feet)" , A. Velusamy v. Hemavathi Ramanathan, Madras High Court, 10 December 2014

The second is the more useful of the two, because it does not state the unit at all. It states a total and a remainder, and 3,272 − 872 = 2,400. A judgment that reproduces a unit without quoting it is better corroboration than one that quotes it, because there is nothing in it to copy from a converter.

A court figure the chain cannot produce

One does not close.

"plot of land measuring 198 grounds, equivalent to 10 acres and 89 cents" , Shyamala Pictures (P.) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, Madras High Court, 22 June 1982

198 grounds is 475,200 square feet, which is 10.909090… acres, 10 acres and 90.91 cents. The judgment says 89 cents. Work backwards and the implied ground is 2,395.8 square feet, low by 0.175%.

Two readings are available and this page picks neither: the acreage was measured separately from the ground figure and the two describe slightly different parcels, or the cents figure was rounded down at some stage before it reached the judgment. What can be said is that 2,395.8 is not a second definition of the ground. Nothing else repeats it, and the statute is unambiguous.

One further candidate was rejected rather than reported. A 2023 judgment records "24,644½ Sq.ft of land (10 grounds and 228 Sq.ft)", which would need a ground of 2,441.65 square feet. Ten grounds and 228 square feet is 24,228, so the gap is 416½ square feet, too large for a rounding and more likely a discrepancy in the total than in the unit. The full judgment was not read, and a figure this page has not read is a figure this page does not use.

Ground to Square Feet, Square Metres and Square Yards

Square feet = Ground × 2,400 · reverse Ground = Square feet ÷ 2,400

One ground is	Exactly	Terminates?
Square feet	2,400	yes
Square metres	222.967296	yes
Square inches	345,600	yes
Square yards	266.6̅	no

Square feet is the unit to keep. It is the only one in which the ground, the cent and the acre are all whole numbers, and it is the unit the statute itself puts in brackets as the exact figure. Every conversion on this page is done from 2,400 square feet and nothing else.

Square yards recurs, and that is why the gajam does too. A ground is 266.6̅ square yards, eight hundred thirds. The Andhra and Telangana square yard is spoken in Telugu and the general one is not; both give the same 9 square feet, and neither divides 2,400 evenly.

Ground to Cent, Acre and the Regional Units

The ground does not sit in a ladder, and that is the fact worth having. Every other regional unit on this site is a rung: a kanal is twenty marla, a katha a twentieth of a bigha, a cent a hundredth of an acre. Each was defined by dividing something. The ground was not: it is 2,400 square feet, a plot size chosen for building, and its relations to the units around it are whatever the arithmetic happens to give.

That shows up as a single clean relation and a set of untidy ones:

Upward		Exact?
Grounds in an acre	18.15	yes; the ground's one clean relation

Sideways		Exact?
Cents in a ground	5.509641873…	no
Ankanam in a ground (72 sq ft)	33.3̅	no
Gajam in a ground	266.6̅	no
Gunthas in a ground	2.203857…	no

The acre relation is exact for an accidental reason worth one line: 43,560 divided by 2,400 is 18.15, and it terminates only because 2,400's factors of two and five happen to clear the denominator. Nobody chose it. Every other relation on this page misses, and which ankanam applies where is set out in case the reader needs the untidy one anyway.

What this means in practice. A ground figure converts cleanly to square feet and to acres, and to nothing else. Any other conversion should be done through square feet rather than directly, and the result should carry its fraction or say which figure is exact. Every one of those conversions (the metric units, the imperial units, and each of the other thirty-two on the series ladder) is in the conversion core further down this page, computed rather than rounded.

The Small Units

A ground is a whole number of square inches (345,600) and a terminating number of square metres, so every small unit converts exactly in the forward direction. The reverse is where the recurrence appears, and it appears for the same reason it does with the cent: 2,400 is a round number of square feet and nothing else in the metric or the acre chain was built to divide it.

Four Mistakes That Change the Answer

Converting from the statute's 223 square metres. The Act's leading figure is rounded; its bracketed figure is exact. 223 square metres is 2,400.35 square feet, and the 0.35 has no source in the land.

Treating a cent figure and a ground figure as interchangeable. They come from different documents, the patta and the sale agreement, and 24 documents in the Madras corpus use the cent for every one that uses the ground. Convert deliberately, and record which figure is the original.

Rounding grounds to cents twice. Grounds to cents recurs. Round once, keep the square-foot figure, and never convert a converted figure.

Searching a database for "ground". 326,668 documents in the Madras High Court corpus contain the word; 262 use it as a unit of land. Search "grounds of land" or "per ground".

Frequently Asked Questions

How many square feet in one ground? 2,400, and unusually for this series that is not a convention but a statutory definition: section 2(8-A) of the Tamil Nadu Urban Land Tax Act 1966 defines a ground as "an area comprising two hundred and twenty three square metres (two thousand and four hundred square feet)".

Is a ground 223 square metres or 222.967296? 222.967296, exactly. The Act's 223 is that figure rounded, and it sits in the leading position with the exact square-foot figure in brackets. The difference is 0.352 square feet, 0.0147%, and it matters only if you convert from the metric figure and then wonder why your square footage ends in .35.

How many cents in a ground? 5.509641873…, recurring. The reverse is exact: one cent is 0.1815 grounds. Convert cents to grounds, not the other way, if you want a figure you can write down.

How many grounds in an acre? 18.15, exactly. That is the ground's one clean relation upward. It divides the acre evenly even though it does not meet the cent evenly.

Is the ground used across Tamil Nadu? It is a Chennai and urban-belt unit. In the Madras High Court's own record, "cents of land" appears in 6,239 documents and "grounds of land" in 262, about twenty-four to one. That count measures the language of judgments and is a proxy for what the documents behind them say, not a reading of those documents; on that evidence Tamil Nadu's land is recorded in cents and the ground is what property is priced in. The Act's exemption thresholds are drawn in grounds, so it is a legal unit as well, but not the record's unit.

Why does a search for "ground" return hundreds of thousands of results? Because ground is an ordinary word of legal English, grounds of appeal, on the ground that. The Madras corpus returns 326,668 documents for the bare word and 262 for "grounds of land". It is the only unit in this series with this problem, and any statistic about the ground that does not say how it excluded the ordinary sense is a statistic about the English language.

A judgment says 198 grounds is 10 acres and 89 cents. Is that right? Not quite. 198 grounds is 475,200 square feet, which is 10 acres and 90.91 cents. The judgment's figure implies a ground of 2,395.8 square feet, 0.175% below the statutory one. It is a discrepancy in that record, not a second definition.

Sources and Method

The instrument. Tamil Nadu Urban Land Tax Act 1966, s.2(8-A) (the definition, quoted in full in the body); s.29-A(1) and (2) and s.44(i) (the one-ground and two-ground thresholds). This is the only instrument located that defines the ground, and it is a stronger evidence base than most units in this series have: the kanal has no defining instrument, and neither does the Punjab murabba.

Judgments, each cited in the body by name, court and date: Maya alias Maya Vijayamma v. State of Tamil Nadu (28 August 2023); A. Velusamy v. Hemavathi Ramanathan (10 December 2014); Shyamala Pictures (P.) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax (22 June 1982); India Tourism Development Corporation v. M.R. Junaitha Begum (2021).

Corpus counts. All run on Indian Kanoon, 10 September 2026, doctypes:chennai, with the query printed beside each. Filters were validated before use by the method established for the Punjab counts. Every count on this page uses a phrase query rather than the bare word, for the reason given in the body, and the bare-word figure is published alongside so the exclusion can be checked rather than taken on trust.

Arithmetic. Every figure is derived from 2,400 square feet and the international foot of 0.3048 metre exactly, as whole-number ratios, converted to a decimal only when printed. Nothing on this page is calculated in floating point, and the conversion core below is re-derived from 43,560 square feet by a second script that did not produce it.

What was searched for and not found, and is asserted nowhere on this page. Any Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority regulation or Town and Country Planning provision using the ground as a unit · any rule requiring guideline values to be published per ground rather than per square foot, as against the practice the judgments record · the origin of the 2,400-square-foot figure · whether any part of Tamil Nadu uses a ground of a different size (searched; nothing found, which is not the same as established) · whether s.2(8-A) has been amended since the text quoted here · the full text of Shyamala Pictures beyond the phrase quoted, and the full text of the 2023 judgment whose 24,644½ square feet this page declined to use.

On the sibling pages. Kerala and Tamil Nadu's revenue unit, and the six government statements of it, are set out separately; the Ankanam page owns the three ankanams; the Gajam page owns the Andhra and Telangana square yard. All are cited here and none is restated.

Ground Conversion Quick Reference

Conversion	1 Ground	Note
Acre	0.055096	Recurring; Exact by definition: 43,560 sq ft = 4,840 sq yd
Ankanam	33.333333 (Standard)	Region-specific; also 66.666667 (Tirupati)
Ares	2.22967296	Exact; 100 m², the metric are
Bigha	0.088154 (UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca)	Region-specific; also 0.264463 (UP kachha (6⅔ biswa)) · 0.352617 (UP kachha (5 biswa) / Uttarakhand hills) · 0.137741 (Rajasthan kachha / Gujarat vigha / Uttarakhand Terai)
Biswa	1.763085 (UP / Rajasthan pucca)	Region-specific; also 2.754821 (Rajasthan kachha) · 5.289256 (Punjab / Haryana old records) · 5.509642 (Himachal Pradesh)
Biswa Kacha	5.289256 (Punjab / Haryana revenue definition)	Region-specific; also 2.754821 (Rajasthan kachha reading)
Cent	5.509642	Recurring; One hundredth of an acre, exactly
Chatak	53.333333	Recurring; 5 sq yd exactly; 16 to the cottah, 968 to the acre. Reported, not stated by any instrument located
Decimal	5.509642	Recurring; One hundredth of an acre, exactly
Dhur	35.261708 (Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain))	Region-specific; also 666.666667 (Tripura)
Dismil	5.509642	Recurring; The decimal under another name
Gaj	266.666667	Recurring; The square yard, 9 sq ft
Gajam	266.666667	Recurring; The square yard in Telugu, 9 sq ft
Guntha	2.203857	Recurring; 121 sq yd; 40 guntha = 1 acre exactly
Hectare	0.0222967296	Exact; 10,000 m² exactly
Kanal	0.440771 (Standard (66-inch karam))	Region-specific; also 0.533333 (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) · 0.580718 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) · 0.658436 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam))
Katha	1.763085 (Bihar state standard)	Region-specific; also 3.333333 (West Bengal / Jharkhand) · 0.833333 (Assam) · 1.37741 (Bihar (Chhapra))
Killa	0.055096	Recurring; The acre under its Punjabi name
Lessa	16.666667	Recurring; The 12-foot mauzadari jar squared (Assam Land Records Manual r.117); 20 to a katha, 100 to a bigha
Marla	8.815427 (Standard (66-inch karam))	Region-specific; also 10.666667 (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) · 11.614367 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) · 13.168724 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam))
Murabba	0.002204 (Punjab canal colony)	Region-specific; also 0.003526 (Rajasthan (Indira Gandhi Canal))
Nali	1.111111	Recurring; 240 sq yd; 16 mutthi of 135 sq ft. No instrument located states the figure
Perch	8.815427	Recurring; 30.25 sq yd; 160 perches = 1 acre
Pura	0.041667	Recurring; 4 Assam bigha of 14,400 sq ft. The 4:1 ratio is SOURCED -- the Supreme Court states it in 1961 and 1971 and the Gauhati High Court in 1986, 2023, 2024 and 2026 -- but no instrument, judgment or manual states the square-foot figure, which is derived from the Assam bigha
Square Centimeter	2,229,672.96	Exact; One ten-thousandth of a square metre
Square Feet	2,400	Exact; The base of this series
Square Inch	345,600	Exact; One 144th of a square foot
Square Karam	79.338843 (Standard (66-inch karam))	Region-specific; also 96 (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) · 104.529301 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) · 118.518519 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam))
Square Kilometer	0.000222967296	Exact; 1,000,000 m²
Square Meter	222.967296	Exact; The SI unit of area
Square Mile	0.0000861	Recurring; Standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976, Schedule (see s.79): "1 square mile = 2 589 988.110 336 square metres"; 640 acres exactly
Square Yard	266.666667	Recurring; 9 sq ft exactly

Ground to Acre

1 ground = 0.055096 acres, recurring. An acre is exact by definition: 43,560 sq ft = 4,840 sq yd.

Where the acre fits into the ground's own record is set out in Ground to Cent, Acre and the Regional Units above; what follows is the arithmetic.

The ratio is the fraction 20/363, 0.05509642…, which recurs.

Ground to Acre Formula

Acre = Ground ÷ 18.15

Popular Ground to Acre Conversions

Ground	Acre
1	0.055096
2	0.110193
3	0.165289
5	0.275482
10	0.550964
20	1.101928
50	2.754821
100	5.509642
200	11.019284
500	27.548209
1,000	55.096419

Worked Example

5 grounds ÷ 18.15 = 0.275482 acres

Reverse Conversion: Acre to Ground

Ground = Acre × 18.15

Ground to Ankanam

1 ground = 33.333333 ankanam on the Standard definition. The ankanam has no single national value. It is also 66.666667 (Tirupati) per ground. Every definition this series has located is set out with the evidence behind it.

The ratio is the fraction 100/3, 33.33333333…, which recurs.

Ground to Ankanam Formula

Ankanam = Ground ÷ 0.03 (Standard)

Popular Ground to Ankanam Conversions

Ground	Ankanam (Standard)
1	33.333333
2	66.666667
3	100
5	166.666667
10	333.333333
20	666.666667
50	1,666.666667
100	3,333.333333
200	6,666.666667
500	16,666.666667
1,000	33,333.333333

Ankanam by Region

Ankanam definition	Where it applies	1 ankanam in sq ft	Ankanam per ground	Terminates?	Evidence
Standard (the definition used here)	Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, parts of Karnataka	72	33.333333	Recurring	sourced
Tirupati	Tirupati and parts of Chittoor	36	66.666667	Recurring	sourced

Popular Ground to Ankanam, Tirupati

Ground	Ankanam (36 sq ft)
1	66.666667
2	133.333333
3	200
5	333.333333
10	666.666667
20	1,333.333333
50	3,333.333333
100	6,666.666667
200	13,333.333333
500	33,333.333333
1,000	66,666.666667

Worked Example

5 grounds ÷ 0.03 = 166.666667 ankanam

Reverse Conversion: Ankanam to Ground

Ground = Ankanam × 0.03 (Standard)

Ground = Ankanam × 0.015 (Tirupati)

Ground to Cent

1 ground = 5.509642 cents, recurring. A cent is one hundredth of an acre, exactly.

A ground is 5.509642… cents, recurring. Tamil Nadu uses both: the ground for urban plots in Chennai and the cent for land elsewhere in the state.

Where the cent fits into the ground's own record is set out in Ground to Cent, Acre and the Regional Units above; what follows is the arithmetic.

The ratio is the fraction 2,000/363, 5.50964187…, which recurs.

Ground to Cent Formula

Cent = Ground ÷ 0.1815

Popular Ground to Cent Conversions

Ground	Cent
1	5.509642
2	11.019284
3	16.528926
5	27.548209
10	55.096419
20	110.192837
50	275.482094
100	550.964187
200	1,101.928375
500	2,754.820937
1,000	5,509.641873

Worked Example

5 grounds ÷ 0.1815 = 27.548209 cents

Reverse Conversion: Cent to Ground

Ground = Cent × 0.1815

Ground to Guntha

1 ground = 2.203857 gunthas, recurring. A guntha is 121 sq yd; 40 guntha = 1 acre exactly.

A ground is 2.203857… gunthas, recurring, because the ground is a Tamil unit defined in square feet and the guntha a Deccan one defined in square yards. They were never designed to interlock.

The ratio is the fraction 800/363, 2.20385675…, which recurs.

Ground to Guntha Formula

Guntha = Ground ÷ 0.45375

Popular Ground to Guntha Conversions

Ground	Guntha
1	2.203857
2	4.407713
3	6.61157
5	11.019284
10	22.038567
20	44.077135
50	110.192837
100	220.385675
200	440.77135
500	1,101.928375
1,000	2,203.856749

Worked Example

5 grounds ÷ 0.45375 = 11.019284 gunthas

Reverse Conversion: Guntha to Ground

Ground = Guntha × 0.45375

Ground to Hectare

1 ground = 0.0222967296 hectares, exact. A hectare is 10,000 m² exactly.

The ratio is the fraction 435,483/19,531,250, or 0.0222967296 exactly.

Ground to Hectare Formula

Hectare = Ground × 0.0222967296

Popular Ground to Hectare Conversions

Ground	Hectare
1	0.0222967296
2	0.0445934592
3	0.0668901888
5	0.111483648
10	0.222967296
20	0.445934592
50	1.11483648
100	2.22967296
200	4.45934592
500	11.1483648
1,000	22.2967296

Worked Example

5 grounds × 0.0222967296 = 0.111483648 hectares

Reverse Conversion: Hectare to Ground

Ground = Hectare ÷ 0.0222967296

Ground to Square Feet

1 ground = 2,400 square feet, exact. A square foot is the base of this series.

2,400 square feet to the ground, exactly and everywhere it is used. The ground is a Chennai plot unit defined directly in square feet rather than through a chain of sub-units, which is why it has no regional variation at all.

Where the square foot fits into the ground's own record is set out in Ground to Square Feet, Square Metres and Square Yards above; what follows is the arithmetic.

Ground to Square Feet Formula

Square Feet = Ground × 2,400

Popular Ground to Square Feet Conversions

Ground	Square Feet
1	2,400
2	4,800
3	7,200
5	12,000
10	24,000
20	48,000
50	120,000
100	240,000
200	480,000
500	1,200,000
1,000	2,400,000

Worked Example

5 grounds × 2,400 = 12,000 square feet

Reverse Conversion: Square Feet to Ground

Ground = Square Feet ÷ 2,400

Ground to Square Meter

1 ground = 222.967296 square metres, exact. A square metre is the SI unit of area.

A ground is 222.967296 square metres, exact, 2,400 square feet. Chennai quotes grounds and the Tamil Nadu record quotes square metres.

The ratio is the fraction 3,483,864/15,625, or 222.967296 exactly.

Ground to Square Meter Formula

Square Meter = Ground × 222.967296

Popular Ground to Square Meter Conversions

Ground	Square Meter
1	222.967296
2	445.934592
3	668.901888
5	1,114.83648
10	2,229.67296
20	4,459.34592
50	11,148.3648
100	22,296.7296
200	44,593.4592
500	111,483.648
1,000	222,967.296

Worked Example

5 grounds × 222.967296 = 1,114.83648 square metres

Reverse Conversion: Square Meter to Ground

Ground = Square Meter ÷ 222.967296

Ground to the Remaining Units

Exactness of the method is not exactness of the result: where a ratio does not terminate, the table says so and the formula gives the fraction.

Ground to Bigha

1 ground = 0.088154 bigha on the UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca definition; 0.264463 on the UP kachha (6⅔ biswa) definition · 0.352617 on the UP kachha (5 biswa) / Uttarakhand hills definition · 0.137741 on the Rajasthan kachha / Gujarat vigha / Uttarakhand Terai definition · 0.2 on the Madhya Pradesh definition · 0.166667 on the West Bengal / Assam / Jharkhand definition · 0.275482 on the Himachal Pradesh / Haryana Rohtak belt definition · 0.110193 on the Punjab / west Haryana definition · 0.296296 on the Haryana Ambala belt definition. Bigha = Ground ÷ 11.34375 (UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca) · reverse Ground = Bigha × 11.34375

Ground	Bigha (UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca)
1	0.088154
2	0.176309
3	0.264463
5	0.440771
10	0.881543
20	1.763085
50	4.407713
100	8.815427
200	17.630854
500	44.077135
1,000	88.15427