Written and fact-checked by Aadil Saif. Arithmetic independently re-verified · Last updated September 2026
Part of the India Land Unit Converter series.
Every figure was computed in exact fraction arithmetic from two defined values (1 hectare = 10,000 square metres, and 1 foot = 0.3048 metre exactly) then machine-checked cell by cell. Nothing was copied from another converter. Every legal, statutory and scheme claim is cited to the Act, Rule, Government Resolution, judgment or guideline it comes from, and quoted where the wording matters. Where a source could only be reached through a mirror rather than a government host, this page says so. Where a fact could not be verified, it says that instead of supplying a plausible one.
A note on spelling. Section headings use the spellings Indians search with, Square Meter, Square Kilometer. Body text uses metre, kilometre.
Square feet is the language of the Indian property market and, in almost every state, not the language of the record.
This page is that page's exact mirror.
The hectare is the language of the record. It is the unit of the khatauni, the 7/12 extract and the jamabandi. It is the unit central agricultural schemes calculate in, the unit crop yields are published in, and the unit several states set their ceiling on landholdings in. It is also the unit almost nobody in India uses to describe their own land.
So the hectare occupies an unusual position:
You do not own hectares. You are governed in them.
Your holding category, your ceiling limit, your crop-insurance sum, your watershed and crop-loss entitlements, and in some states your compensation rate are all set against a hectare figure. Whether or not you have ever thought of your land that way. The average Indian operational holding is 1.08 hectares, and 68.45% of all holdings in India are smaller than a single hectare. For most Indian farmers, the hectare is not a unit they own one of. It is a unit larger than their entire farm.
Three specific failures follow from that, and this page addresses each:
1-25-40 in hectare-are-square-metre is 12,540 m². The same-looking figure in bigha-biswa-biswansi is read on a completely different base. There is a one-second test that tells them apart. → How to Read a Hectare on Your Land RecordStart here: One hectare in every unit.
Convert now One hectare in every unit · Hectare to Acre · Hectare to Square Feet and Square Meter
Regional units Bigha, Katha, Biswa and Dhur · Guntha, Cent, Ground and the rest · Kanal, Marla and Square Karam · Are, Square Kilometer, Square Mile, Square Yard
The part that matters more than the arithmetic How to read a hectare on your land record · What a hectare decides · Converting rates and yields · The cost of getting it wrong · What the hectare actually is · Three mistakes
Reference Frequently asked questions · Sources and method
Convert to a specific unit: Acre · Ankanam · Ares · Bigha · Biswa · Biswa Kacha · Cent · Chatak · Decimal · Dhur · Dismil · Gaj · Gajam · Ground · Guntha · Kanal · Katha · Killa · Lessa · Marla · Murabba · Nali · Perch · Pura · Square Centimeter · Square Feet · Square Inch · Square Karam · Square Kilometer · Square Meter · Square Mile · Square Yard
Every one of the other thirty-two units has a section on this page. Where two units are the same area their table would be identical, so the second section points at the first rather than repeating it.
Every factor is a hectare's own size, 107,639.104167 square feet, divided by the target unit's. To check any row by hand, take that number, divide, and compare.
Each one comes from a single anchor, the acre at 43,560 square feet, by exact fraction arithmetic. Where a factor recurs, the formula gives the fraction rather than a rounded decimal, because a rounded factor is a wrong instruction rather than an approximate one: the fraction is what has to be carried wherever the arithmetic must close.
| Conversion | Formula | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Hectare to Acre | Hectare ÷ 0.40468564224 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Ankanam | Hectare ÷ 0.000668901888 | Recurring · Ankanam is regional. This row is the Standard; also 2,989.975116 |
| Hectare to Ares | Hectare × 100 | Exact |
| Hectare to Bigha | Hectare ÷ 0.2529285264 | Recurring · Bigha is regional. This row is the UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca; also 11.861058, 15.814744, 6.177635 and 5 more |
| Hectare to Biswa | Hectare ÷ 0.01264642632 | Recurring · Biswa is regional. This row is the UP / Rajasthan pucca; also 123.552691, 237.221166, 247.105381 |
| Hectare to Biswa Kacha | Hectare ÷ 0.00421547544 | Recurring · Biswa Kacha is regional. This row is the Punjab / Haryana revenue; also 123.552691 |
| Hectare to Cent | Hectare ÷ 0.0040468564224 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Chatak | Hectare ÷ 0.00041806368 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Decimal | Hectare ÷ 0.0040468564224 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Dhur | Hectare ÷ 0.000632321316 | Recurring · Dhur is regional. This row is the Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain); also 29,899.751158 |
| Hectare to Dismil | Hectare ÷ 0.0040468564224 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Gaj | Hectare ÷ 0.000083612736 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Gajam | Hectare ÷ 0.000083612736 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Ground | Hectare ÷ 0.0222967296 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Guntha | Hectare ÷ 0.010117141056 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Kanal | Hectare ÷ 0.05058570528 | Recurring · Kanal is regional. This row is the Standard (66-inch karam); also 23.919801, 26.045001, 29.530618 |
| Hectare to Katha | Hectare ÷ 0.01264642632 | Recurring · Katha is regional. This row is the Bihar state standard; also 149.498756, 37.374689, 61.776345 and 2 more |
| Hectare to Killa | Hectare ÷ 0.40468564224 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Lessa | Hectare ÷ 0.001337803776 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Marla | Hectare ÷ 0.002529285264 | Recurring · Marla is regional. This row is the Standard (66-inch karam); also 478.396019, 520.900013, 590.612369 and 1 more |
| Hectare to Murabba | Hectare ÷ 10.117141056 | Recurring · Murabba is regional. This row is the Punjab canal colony; also 0.158147 |
| Hectare to Nali | Hectare ÷ 0.02006705664 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Perch | Hectare ÷ 0.002529285264 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Pura | Hectare ÷ 0.5351215104 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Square Centimeter | Hectare × 100,000,000 | Exact |
| Hectare to Square Feet | Hectare ÷ 0.000009290304 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Square Inch | Hectare ÷ 0.000000064516 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Square Karam | Hectare ÷ 0.000281031696 | Recurring · Square Karam is regional. This row is the Standard (66-inch karam); also 4,305.564167, 4,688.100113, 5,315.511317 |
| Hectare to Square Kilometer | Hectare × 0.01 | Exact |
| Hectare to Square Meter | Hectare × 10,000 | Exact |
| Hectare to Square Mile | Hectare ÷ 258.9988110336 | Recurring |
| Hectare to Square Yard | Hectare ÷ 0.000083612736 | Recurring |
One hectare in the twenty-eight units a hectare figure is most often converted into. The remaining units in the series (biswa kacha, gajam, square inch and square centimetre) are in the Quick Reference and in their own sections below; nothing is omitted from the page, only from this table.
| Unit | 1 hectare equals | Exact? |
|---|---|---|
| Square metre | 10,000 | Exact |
| Are | 100 | Exact |
| Square feet | 107,639.104167 | Recurring |
| Square yard / Gaj | 11,959.900463 | Recurring |
| Acre | 2.4710538147 | Recurring |
| Killa | 2.4710538147 | Recurring |
| Cent = Decimal = Dismil | 247.105381 | Recurring |
| Guntha | 98.842153 | Recurring |
| Ankanam (coastal Andhra) | 1,494.9876 | Recurring |
| Chatak (West Bengal) | 2,391.9801 | Recurring |
| Lessa (Assam) | 747.4938 | Recurring |
| Ground (Tamil Nadu) | 44.849627 | Recurring |
| Nali (Uttarakhand) | 49.832919 | Recurring |
| Marla / Perch (66-in) | 395.36861 | Recurring |
| Kanal (66-in) | 19.768431 | Recurring |
| Square karam (66-in) | 3,558.3175 | Recurring |
| Kuncham (Andhra Pradesh) | 24.710538 | Recurring |
| Pura (Assam) | 1.86873445 | Recurring |
| Murabba | 0.0988421526 | Recurring |
| Square kilometre | 0.01 | Exact |
| Square mile | 0.0038610216 | Recurring |
| Bigha · Katha · Biswa · Dhur | Region-dependent, no single value | n/a |
Now the same table in reverse, and it looks completely different:
| Unit | Hectares in one | Exact? |
|---|---|---|
| Square metre | 0.0001 | Exact |
| Are | 0.01 | Exact |
| Square feet | 0.000009290304 | Exact |
| Square yard / Gaj | 0.000083612736 | Exact |
| Acre | 0.40468564224 | Exact |
| Killa | 0.40468564224 | Exact |
| Cent = Decimal = Dismil | 0.004046856422 | Exact |
| Guntha | 0.010117141056 | Exact |
| Ankanam (coastal Andhra) | 0.000668901888 | Exact |
| Chatak (West Bengal) | 0.00041806368 | Exact |
| Lessa (Assam) | 0.001337803776 | Exact |
| Ground (Tamil Nadu) | 0.0222967296 | Exact |
| Nali (Uttarakhand) | 0.02006705664 | Exact |
| Marla / Perch (66-in) | 0.002529285264 | Exact |
| Kanal (66-in) | 0.05058570528 | Exact |
| Square karam (66-in) | 0.000281031696 | Exact |
| Kuncham (Andhra Pradesh) | 0.040468564224 | Exact |
| Pura (Assam) | 0.5351215104 | Exact |
| Murabba | 10.117141056 | Exact |
| Square kilometre | 100 | Exact |
| Square mile | 258.9988110336 | Exact |
Compare the two Exact columns. Going out of hectares, almost everything recurs. One hectare is 2.4710538147… acres and 107,639.104167… square feet, decimals that never terminate. Going into hectares, every single conversion is exact. One acre is exactly 0.40468564224 hectare. One guntha is exactly 0.010117141056 hectare. One chatak is exactly 0.00041806368 hectare.
This is not a coincidence and it is worth understanding, because it tells you which direction to compute in.
Every traditional Indian unit on this page is a whole number of square feet or a simple fraction of one. A square foot is exactly 0.09290304 m², so every one of those units has an exact area in square metres, and a hectare is exactly 10,000 m², so dividing by it keeps the value exact. Going the other way divides by 43,560, whose prime factors include 3 and 11, and decimals with 3s and 11s in the denominator never terminate.
The practical consequence: when a chain of conversions matters, convert into hectares or square metres and do the arithmetic there. The hectare absorbs every other unit on this page exactly. No other unit absorbs the hectare.
Bigha, katha, biswa and dhur have no single national value and are handled in their own section.
This is the conversion nearly every visitor to this page wants, and it is the one most often done with the wrong number.
1 hectare = 2.4710538147 acres. Not 2.5.
The reverse is cleaner and terminates: 1 acre = 0.40468564224 hectare, exactly.
The formulas:
Hectares × 2.4710538 = acres > Acres × 0.40468564 = hectares > Or, to stay exact: acres = hectares × 10,000 ÷ 4,046.8564224
| Hectares | Acres | Square feet |
|---|---|---|
| 0.1 | 0.247105 | 10,763.91 |
| 0.25 | 0.617763 | 26,909.78 |
| 0.5 | 1.235527 | 53,819.55 |
| 1 | 2.471054 | 107,639.1 |
| 1.08 | 2.668738 | 116,250.23 |
| 2 | 4.942108 | 215,278.21 |
| 2.5 | 6.177635 | 269,097.76 |
| 4 | 9.884215 | 430,556.42 |
| 5 | 12.355269 | 538,195.52 |
| 10 | 24.710538 | 1,076,391.04 |
| 20 | 49.421076 | 2,152,782.08 |
| 50 | 123.552691 | 5,381,955.21 |
| 100 | 247.105381 | 10,763,910.42 |
Acres to hectares:
| Acres | Hectares |
|---|---|
| 0.5 | 0.2023428211 |
| 1 | 0.4046856422 |
| 2 | 0.8093712845 |
| 2.5 | 1.0117141056 |
| 5 | 2.0234282112 |
| 10 | 4.0468564224 |
| 20 | 8.0937128448 |
| 25 | 10.117141056 |
| 50 | 20.234282112 |
| 100 | 40.468564224 |
| 500 | 202.34282112 |
| 1,000 | 404.68564224 |
Using 2.5 overstates the area by 1.171411%. That sounds like a rounding error. It is not, because the numbers it gets applied to are threshold numbers, the point at which a farmer becomes a different category, or a claim exceeds a statutory cap.
| Holding | Why this size matters | True acres | Using "2.5" | Overstated by | In square metres |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 ha | One hectare | 2.471054 | 2.5 | 0.028946 ac | 117.14 |
| 2 ha | PM-KISAN's original cap, removed in 2019 | 4.942108 | 5 | 0.057892 ac | 234.28 |
| 4 ha | Forest Rights Act s.4(6) ceiling | 9.884215 | 10 | 0.115785 ac | 468.56 |
| 10 ha | Agriculture Census "large holding" threshold | 24.710538 | 25 | 0.289462 ac | 1,171.41 |
| 7.3 ha | Uttar Pradesh ceiling on irrigated land | 18.038693 | 18.25 | 0.211307 ac | 855.13 |
Read the last two columns of the fourth row again. The "2.5" shortcut conjures 1,171 square metres of land out of arithmetic, about a quarter of an acre, on a holding of ten hectares. On a four-hectare claim under the Forest Rights Act it invents 469 m², nearly 5,050 square feet of forest land that exists only in the conversion.
This is not a hypothetical. The Department of Land Resources' own evaluation report on the quality of land records in Uttar Pradesh states, in terms, that "1 Hectare is 2.5 Acres". That is one documented instance in a Government of India report, and it is the only one this page can vouch for. We searched for others and did not find them, so this page will not claim the error is widespread. One verified instance and exact arithmetic make the point without overstating it.
There is a subtler version of the same problem, and it sits inside a state's statutory rules.
Rule 62(1)(b) of the Uttar Pradesh Revenue Code Rules, 2016 describes a bhumidhar or asami "holding land less than 1.26 hectares (3.125 acres)". Both figures are printed, in the same sub-rule, as if they were the same quantity.
They are not, quite:
| Printed figure | Converted exactly | Gap |
|---|---|---|
| 3.125 acres | = 1.26464263 hectares | |
| 1.26 hectares | = 3.11352781 acres | 0.01147219 acre = 46.43 m² |
3.125 acres is 3⅛, an acre-native figure, almost certainly the original threshold. Someone converted it to hectares, rounded to two decimals, and printed both. A reader who takes the hectare figure as authoritative and converts back loses about 46 square metres of eligibility relative to a reader who uses the acre figure.
Nothing turns on 46 square metres in most cases. The point is what it reveals: Indian statutory drafting contains hectare figures that are rounded conversions of older acre figures, printed alongside the originals. When a threshold matters, read which of the two figures the provision actually operates on.
Worked example. A farmer's khatauni shows 2.4300 hectares. In acres that is 2.43 × 2.4710538147 = 6.0047 acres. Using 2.5 would have given 6.075 acres, an overstatement of 0.070 acre, about 285 square metres. Either figure puts the holding in the same Agriculture Census category (semi-medium), so nothing turns on it here. On a holding of 4.02 hectares near the Forest Rights Act's four-hectare ceiling, the same carelessness in the other direction is the difference between a claim that stands and one that does not.
| Hectare | Acre |
|---|---|
| 1 | 2.471054 |
| 2 | 4.942108 |
| 3 | 7.413161 |
| 5 | 12.355269 |
| 10 | 24.710538 |
| 20 | 49.421076 |
| 50 | 123.552691 |
| 100 | 247.105381 |
| 200 | 494.210763 |
| 500 | 1,235.526907 |
| 1,000 | 2,471.053815 |
Acre = Hectare ÷ 0.40468564224 · reverse Hectare = Acre × 0.40468564224
1 hectare = 10,000 square metres, exactly. That is the definition. A hectare is a square 100 metres on a side.
1 hectare = 107,639.104167 square feet, and that decimal recurs, because it inherits the 3s and 11s from the acre chain.
Hectares × 10,000 = square metres > Hectares × 107,639.104167 = square feet
| Hectares | Square feet | Square metres |
|---|---|---|
| 0.01 | 1,076.391 | 100 |
| 0.1 | 10,763.9104 | 1,000 |
| 0.25 | 26,909.776 | 2,500 |
| 0.5 | 53,819.5521 | 5,000 |
| 1 | 107,639.1042 | 10,000 |
| 2 | 215,278.2083 | 20,000 |
| 5 | 538,195.5208 | 50,000 |
| 10 | 1,076,391.0417 | 100,000 |
| 100 | 10,763,910.4167 | 1,000,000 |
The square-metre column is the one that will appear on a Maharashtra 7/12 extract or a Kerala tax record. The square-foot column is what a buyer or broker will want. Neither is likely to appear on the same document as the other.
For carpet area, built-up area, plot sizes and price per square foot, see the Square Feet page, none of that belongs on a page about agricultural land records.
A hectare converts into these four the way it converts into anything else. The difficulty is that there is no single bigha, katha, biswa or dhur to convert into. Each is a family of regional values, and the one that applies to you is a question about where your land is, not about arithmetic. What follows is therefore a matrix rather than four numbers.
The last column is included because it is the one most Indian readers will actually recognise: 1.08 hectares is the average Indian operational holding, from the 2015-16 Agriculture Census.
Each row names the region its value belongs to. For which districts fall in which belt, and why the values differ, the Indian Land Units by State hub carries every regional definition once. This page does not repeat them.
| Unit | Square feet in 1 | Units in 1 hectare | Units in 1.08 ha (the average holding) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bigha, UP pucca | 27,225 | 3.9537 | 4.27 |
| Bigha, Punjab | 21,780 | 4.9421 | 5.3375 |
| Bigha, Rajasthan kachha | 17,424 | 6.1776 | 6.6718 |
| Bigha, West Bengal | 14,400 | 7.4749 | 8.0729 |
| Bigha, Himachal Pradesh | 8,712 | 12.3553 | 13.3437 |
| Bigha, UP kachha (5 biswa) | 6,806.25 | 15.8147 | 17.0799 |
| Katha, Bihar (Patna) | 1,361.25 | 79.0737 | 85.3996 |
| Katha, West Bengal | 720 | 149.4988 | 161.4587 |
| Katha, Assam | 2,880 | 37.3747 | 40.3647 |
| Biswa, Uttar Pradesh | 1,361.25 | 79.0737 | 85.3996 |
| Biswa, Himachal Pradesh | 435.6 | 247.1054 | 266.8738 |
| Dhur, Bihar | 68.06 | 1,581.4744 | 1,707.9924 |
One hectare, in four different bighas:
A four-fold spread, all correct, all for the same hectare. Any page that answers "how many bighas in a hectare" with one number has guessed.
Note the trap in the direction of travel: 1 acre is 1.60 Patna bighas, but 1 hectare is 3.95 of them. Per-acre and per-hectare bigha counts are different numbers, and mixing them up is the single easiest way to be wrong by a factor of two and a half.
The regional derivations (why a kachha bigha is exactly one third of a pucca bigha, where the 33-inch ilahi gaz came from, and which states do not use the bigha at all) are on the Bigha page and in the Indian Land Units by State hub. They are not repeated here.
These regional units, unlike the bigha, have single verified values, so one row each is enough.
Where each is used: guntha (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana · cent, decimal and dismil) Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha · ground, Chennai · ankanam, coastal Andhra Pradesh · chatak, West Bengal · lessa, Assam · nali, Uttarakhand · kuncham, Andhra Pradesh.
| Unit | Square feet in 1 | Units in 1 hectare | Hectares in 1 unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Guntha | 1,089 | 98.8422 | 0.01011714 |
| Cent = Decimal = Dismil | 435.6 | 247.1054 | 0.00404686 |
| Ground | 2,400 | 44.8496 | 0.02229673 |
| Ankanam | 72 | 1,494.9876 | 0.0006689 |
| Chatak | 45 | 2,391.9801 | 0.00041806 |
| Lessa | 144 | 747.4938 | 0.0013378 |
| Nali | 2,160 | 49.8329 | 0.02006706 |
| Kuncham | 4,356 | 24.7105 | 0.04046856 |
Two of these matter more than the others.
Guntha: 98.842153 to the hectare. This is the working unit of Maharashtra and Karnataka agricultural records, and Maharashtra is also a state whose 7/12 extract prints the area in hectares. So a Maharashtra farmer routinely holds two units at once: the record's hectare and the conversation's guntha. Note that a hectare is not 100 gunthas. It is 98.84, and the missing 1.16 gunthas is 1,261 square feet. The guntha is 1/40 acre, and the acre is not 2.5 hectares, so the two systems do not line up on a round number anywhere.
Cent: 247.105381 to the hectare. Cent, decimal, dismil and shatak are the same unit, 435.6 square feet, exactly one-hundredth of an acre. The names are regional, not numerical. A hectare is 247.11 cents, and a farmer used to thinking in cents will find the hectare an awkward unit for the same reason: 100 cents is an acre, and an acre is not a round part of a hectare.
These three units are all derived from one length: the karam, a surveyor's rod whose measure was never standardised across the north-west. Four belts are documented, and a conversion done on the wrong one is out by up to a third. Find the belt before you use a row.
The 66-inch karam covers most of Punjab and Haryana; 60 inches is the Majha belt (Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Tarn Taran); 57.5 inches is Doaba (Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, and Kangra in Himachal); 54 inches is Kapurthala.
| Karam length | Marlas in 1 ha | Kanals in 1 ha | Square karam in 1 ha |
|---|---|---|---|
| 66 inches (standard) | 395.3686 | 19.7684 | 3,558.3175 |
| 60 inches (Majha) | 478.396 | 23.9198 | 4,305.5642 |
| 57.5 inches (Doaba) | 520.9 | 26.045 | 4,688.1001 |
| 54 inches (Kapurthala) | 590.6124 | 29.5306 | 5,315.5113 |
Punjab is the state where the gap between record and speech is widest, and the best documented.
Paragraph 7.41(7) of the Punjab Land Records Manual set out the changeover in detail. From the agricultural year 1971-72, metric measure was to be used "to four places of decimal of a hectare". For five years the records carried both systems, with the metric figure entered in red ink beside the local one. Then, in the manual's own words: "From the agricultural year 1976-77, metric measure shall only be used and the local measure shall be discontinued altogether."
Fifty years later, an NCAER field study conducted for the Department of Land Resources and published in March 2025 found that in Punjab "The commonly used units of land measurement are Bigha, Kanal and Marla."
The jamabandi is in hectares by rule. The village is in kanals and marlas in practice. That gap is the reason this page exists.
Arithmetic only.
| Unit | 1 hectare equals | 1 of these equals |
|---|---|---|
| Are | 100 | 0.01 ha |
| Square kilometre | 0.01 | 100 ha |
| Square mile | 0.0038610216 | 258.9988110336 ha |
| Square yard / gaj | 11,959.900463 | 0.0000836127 ha |
| Square metre | 10,000 | 0.0001 ha |
The are is the one to remember, and not because anyone converts to it: 1 hectare = 100 ares exactly, and 1 are = 100 square metres exactly. Those two exact factors of a hundred are what make the hectare-are-square-metre notation on an Indian land record work as a decimal, see the next section. The are has a legal status in India that is more interesting than the hectare's.
This is the part no converter provides, and it is where readers actually lose land.
Indian land records write area in three parts: hectare, are, square metre. On a Maharashtra 7/12 it is printed as हे.आर.चौ.मी. On a Gujarat record it appears as something like Hectare 3-53-09.
A great many readers assume this is a mixed system like feet-and-inches, or like bigha-biswa-biswansi, where each part runs on its own base and you cannot simply read the digits off. It is not. Because 1 hectare = 100 ares and 1 are = 100 square metres (both exactly, both powers of ten) the three parts are positional decimal places of a hectare.
So these two are not two ways of measuring. They are the same number written twice:
1-25-40= 1 hectare, 25 ares, 40 square metres = 12,540 m² >1.2540hectares = 1.2540 × 10,000 = 12,540 m²
The first two digits after the point are the ares. The next two are the square metres.
| Written on the record | Reads as | Square metres | As a decimal hectare |
|---|---|---|---|
1.25.40 |
1 ha 25 are 40 m² | 12,540 | 1.254 ha |
0.40.50 |
0 ha 40 are 50 m² | 4,050 | 0.405 ha |
2.63.00 |
2 ha 63 are 0 m² | 26,300 | 2.63 ha |
0.81.50 |
0 ha 81 are 50 m² | 8,150 | 0.815 ha |
3.53.09 |
3 ha 53 are 9 m² | 35,309 | 3.5309 ha |
0.00.01 |
0 ha 0 are 1 m² | 1 | 0.0001 ha |
Why four decimal places, and not three or five? Because 0.0001 hectare is exactly 1 square metre. Four decimals of a hectare resolve land to the nearest square metre and no further, which is precisely the precision a revenue record needs. That is not an accident of style. It is written into the rules. Paragraph 7.41(7) of the Punjab Land Records Manual prescribes metric measure "to four places of decimal of a hectare."
Here is what actually catches people.
A dot- or dash-separated triple in bigha-biswa-biswansi looks identical to a hectare-are-square-metre triple, and it is read completely differently. There are 20 biswa to a bigha and 20 biswansi to a biswa, base twenty, not base one hundred. You cannot read those digits off as decimals of a bigha.
| Written on a record | Read as hectare-are-sq m | Read as bigha-biswa-biswansi (UP) | Which can it be? |
|---|---|---|---|
1-10-00 |
11,000 m² = 2.7182 acre | 40,837.5 sq ft = 0.9375 acre | Either, ambiguous |
2-05-10 |
20,510 m² = 5.0681 acre | 61,936.88 sq ft = 1.4219 acre | Either, ambiguous |
0-15-00 |
1,500 m² = 0.3707 acre | 20,418.75 sq ft = 0.4688 acre | Either, ambiguous |
1-25-40 |
12,540 m² = 3.0987 acre | Impossible | Must be metric, a middle or last figure of 20 or more cannot be biswa or biswansi |
0-40-50 |
4,050 m² = 1.0008 acre | Impossible | Must be metric, a middle or last figure of 20 or more cannot be biswa or biswansi |
The one-second test. Ares run from 0 to 99, and so do the square metres. Biswa and biswansi only run from 0 to 19. So:
If either of the last two figures is 20 or more, the triple cannot be bigha-biswa-biswansi. It must be metric.
That test resolves the two bottom rows of the table above instantly. It does not resolve the top three, where both readings are arithmetically possible and the difference is nearly threefold. For those, you need to know which system your state's record uses, check the column heading, or the unit stated at the head of the form.
Maharashtra's Village Form 7 is the most-read land record in India, and its area block has two features worth knowing.
First, the unit changes with the land's classification. The Revenue and Forest Department's Government Resolution of 2 September 2020, which prescribed the revised form, provides that agricultural area is stated in हे.आर.चौ.मी. (hectare-are-square metre), and non-agricultural (बिनशेती) area in आर.चौ.मी. (are-square metre only, with no hectare column).
That means a figure like 12-50 on a non-agricultural plot is 12 ares 50 square metres = 1,250 m², not 12.5 of anything hectare-shaped. Read the heading before you read the number.
Sourcing note, stated plainly: we retrieved this Government Resolution, number जमीन-2020/प्र.क्र. 27/ज-1अ, as a scan hosted on a talathi community site rather than from the Maharashtra GR portal, which we could not reach. The GR number, date and substance were consistent across two separate retrievals, and the Marathi text shows visible OCR damage, so this page quotes the meaning rather than the exact string. Anyone relying on the wording should pull the GR by that number from the state portal.
Second, the area block has three lines, not one. The same Resolution provides that Village Form 7 shows:
| Line | Marathi | What it is |
|---|---|---|
| (अ) | लागवडीयोग्य क्षेत्र | Cultivable area |
| (ब) | पोट खराब क्षेत्र | Pot kharab, the part unfit for cultivation |
| Total | एकूण क्षेत्र (अ + ब) | The two added together |
So pot kharaba is inside your total area, not excluded from it. The number most people quote as "my land" is the total. The number they can actually farm is line (अ). On a holding with a rocky patch, a nallah or a bund, the two can differ substantially, and every per-hectare scheme entitlement that keys off cultivated area keys off the first line, not the total.
Whether pot kharaba counts toward a ceiling holding is a separate question, and Indian courts have gone both ways on it. A Karnataka High Court decision has held that not all pot kharab land belongs to the government. An Andhra Pradesh tribunal held that such areas could not be excluded from a total holding. The Supreme Court has excluded land "totally unfit for cultivation" from a ceiling limit.
This page notes that the question is contested and states no outcome. The answer will turn on your state's ceiling Act and on the facts.
We could not find a Gujarat government explainer of the Village Form 7 area columns. Every result was commercial. What we did find is a Gujarat High Court judgment quoting a revenue record verbatim, which shows the notation directly:
"…bearing Survey no.550, admeasuring Hectare 3-53-09, assessed at Rs.10.00 of village Magod, Taluka Bulsar…"
3-53-09 is 3 hectares, 53 ares, 9 square metres = 35,309 m² = 3.5309 hectares = 8.7250 acres. The same judgment refers to the older entries for the same survey number as "Acre 8-15 gunthas", the same land in the two notations, a few lines apart.
That is a court record, not an official format guide, and this page presents it as such.
It would be neat to say that Indian land records run on hectares. They do not, and Kerala is the clearest exception: its statutory and everyday unit is the are, not the hectare.
Section 6 of the Kerala Land Tax Act 1961 sets basic land tax per are per annum, with reduced rates below thresholds of twenty ares in Panchayat areas, six ares in Town Panchayat and Municipal Council areas, and ten ares in Corporation areas. The Land Revenue Commissionerate's own published rate table is in ആർ (are) and ച.മീ. (square metre): there is no hectare column. Kerala's ceiling law, meanwhile, runs in standard acres (Land Reforms Act 1963, s.82).
So a Kerala landholder converting to or from hectares is converting out of a unit the state's own tax law does not use.
Stated here rather than papered over: we could not obtain the column headings of the Uttar Pradesh khatauni or the Gujarat Village Form 7 from a government source. The UP Revenue Code Rules 2016 prescribe the khatauni as R.C. Form-7 under Rule 27 and the khasra as R.C. Form-4 under Rule 25, but the rules text we retrieved does not reproduce the form templates. If your record's headings differ from what is described above, trust your record.
The hectare is not a decorative unit on an Indian land record. It is the unit several consequential things are measured against.
The Government of India classifies operational holdings into five size categories, and the boundaries are hectares. From a Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare release of 5 February 2019:
| Category | Holding size | The same thresholds in acres |
|---|---|---|
| Marginal | Below 1.00 ha | Below 2.4711 |
| Small | 1.00 – 2.00 ha | 2.4711 – 4.9421 |
| Semi-medium | 2.00 – 4.00 ha | 4.9421 – 9.8842 |
| Medium | 4.00 – 10.00 ha | 9.8842 – 24.7105 |
| Large | 10.00 ha and above | 24.7105 and above |
Look at the two right-hand columns together. The hectare thresholds are round numbers; their acre equivalents are not. That asymmetry is the whole reason the categories are defined in hectares. 1, 2, 4 and 10 are administrable boundaries, while 2.4711, 4.9421, 9.8842 and 24.7105 are not.
The government's published table reads "Below 1.00", "1.00-2.00", "2.00-4.00", "4.00-10.00", "10.00 and above". Only the first and last endpoints are unambiguous on its face. For the categories to partition without overlap the intervals must be lower-inclusive and upper-exclusive; this page states that as inference, not as a government statement.
How this lands in practice. From the 2015-16 Agriculture Census, the tenth, and the most recent for which figures are published:
| Total operational holdings | 146.45 million |
| Total operated area | 157.82 million hectares |
| Average size of an operational holding | 1.08 hectares = 2.6687 acres |
| Marginal holdings (below 1 hectare) | 100.25 million |
| Marginal holdings as a share of all holdings | 68.45% |
| Their share of operated area | 24.03% |
The average has been falling for half a century: 2.28 hectares in 1970-71, 1.84 in 1980-81, 1.41 in 1995-96, 1.08 in 2015-16.
So more than two-thirds of Indian farmers hold less than a single hectare. For most of them, the hectare is not a unit they own one of. It is a unit larger than their whole farm. That is worth holding in mind when a form asks for a holding in hectares and returns a figure like 0.6070.
The eleventh Agriculture Census, for 2021-22, is under way. No average-holding figure from it could be verified from a government source, and none is stated here.
Every state caps agricultural landholdings. It would be convenient to give you a hectare figure. There isn't one: the ceiling is not even expressed in the same kind of unit from state to state.
| State | Ceiling expressed in | Example from the Act | In acres |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uttar Pradesh | Hectares | 7.30 ha of irrigated land, s.5(3)(a) | 18.0387 |
| West Bengal | Standard hectares | 2.50 to 7.00 standard ha by family size, s.14M | 6.1776 – 17.2974 |
| Maharashtra | A hectare matrix | First Schedule, by district/taluka × five land classes, s.5 | Varies |
| Karnataka | Abstract "units" | 20 units, rising to 40, s.63 | Not stated in the Act |
| Kerala | Standard acres | 5 to 10 standard acres, s.82 | Stated in acres |
Two things in that table need explaining, and one thing does not need repeating.
"Standard" hectares and "standard" acres are weighted units, not physical ones. Irrigated, multi-cropped or higher-yielding land counts as more standard units than the same physical area of poor land, under a schedule in the relevant Act. So West Bengal's ceiling of 7.00 standard hectares is not seven hectares on the ground. It is however much land amounts to seven weighted hectares. Section 14M sets 2.50 standard hectares for a single adult, 5.00 for a family of two to five, and 5.00 plus 0.50 per additional member, capped at 7.00. Kerala's section 82 does the same thing in standard acres.
Maharashtra and Karnataka cannot be reduced to a number at all. Section 5 of the Maharashtra Act provides that "In each of the districts and talukas specified in column 1 of the First Schedule, for each class of land described in columns 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 thereof, the ceiling area shall be the area mentioned under each such class of land against such district or taluka." There is no Maharashtra ceiling. There is a district-by-taluka table crossed with five land classes. We could not retrieve that Schedule and therefore state no Maharashtra figure. Karnataka's section 63, as amended in 2020, sets the ceiling in abstract "units" (twenty, rising to forty for larger families and eighty for certain tenants), and the definition of one unit in hectares or acres was not in the text we retrieved.
Uttar Pradesh is the one that states it plainly, and the quotation is worth having: section 5(3)(a) sets "7.30 hectares of irrigated land (including land held by other members of his family), plus two additional hectares of irrigated land or such additional land which together with the land held by him aggregates to two hectares, for each of his adult sons", with the additional land capped at six hectares. 7.30 hectares is 18.0387 acres.
A small piece of Indian metric history sits in the same Maharashtra Act: its compensation provision, section 23, originally read "per acre", and those words were substituted by a 1975 amendment onto a per-hectare basis.
Section 4(6) of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006:
"…such land shall be under the occupation of an individual or family or community on the date of commencement of this Act and shall be restricted to the area under actual occupation and shall in no case exceed an area of four hectares."
Four hectares is 9.8842 acres, not ten. Note also what the provision does: it caps an actual occupation test. It is a ceiling on a claim, not an entitlement to four hectares.
This is the threshold where the "2.5" shortcut does its most concrete damage. A claim prepared on the assumption that four hectares is ten acres is overstated by 469 square metres.
The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana's revised operational guidelines put it beyond doubt at clause 12.1:
"Sum Insured per hectare for both loanee and non-loanee farmers will be same and equal to the Scale of Finance as decided by the DLTC/SLTC… Sum Insured for individual farmer is equal to the SOF per hectare multiplied by area of the notified crop proposed by the farmer for insurance. Area under cultivation shall always be expressed in hectare."
The mechanism is simple and unforgiving: your cover is the scale of finance per hectare multiplied by your declared area in hectares. A farmer who mis-declares area mis-buys insurance in exact proportion. Premium is a share of the sum insured, 2% of it for kharif food and oilseed crops, 1.5% for rabi, 5% for commercial and horticultural crops, or the actuarial rate if lower.
The sharpest illustration of why this page is necessary is that the Indian state does not itself use one unit.
| Instrument | Unit it operates in |
|---|---|
| PMFBY crop insurance | Hectares; "shall always be expressed in hectare" |
| Kisan Credit Card | The RBI scheme leaves the unit to each District Level Technical Committee, and its own worked illustrations are per acre |
| Haryana MSP procurement caps | Quintals per acre, wheat 25, barley 16, gram 6, sunflower 9, lentil 4 |
| PM-KUSUM solar | Private land priced per acre; public land per hectare, in the same sentence of the same scheme document |
| The land record underneath all of them | Hectares in UP, Maharashtra and Punjab; acre-gunta in Karnataka; acre-decimal in Bihar and West Bengal; kanal-marla in Haryana |
The Haryana procurement caps are as reported in the press; we could not obtain the Food and Supplies Department notification itself, and they are attributed accordingly.
A Haryana farmer whose jamabandi is in kanals insures a crop in hectares and sells it against a cap in quintals per acre. Three conversions, none of them optional, and every one of them a place to lose a decimal.
Areas and rates convert in opposite directions, and this is where per-hectare figures are most often mishandled.
An area divides. A rate divides too: but the other way round.
One hectare is 2.4711 acres, so to get acres you multiply the hectare figure by 2.4711. But a rupee figure attached to a hectare is spread over 2.4711 acres, so to get the per-acre rate you divide by 2.4711. The same number, opposite operations, and it is easy to reach for the wrong one.
Area: hectares × 2.4710538 = acres > Rate or yield: per hectare ÷ 2.4710538 = per acre > (Equivalently: per hectare × 0.4046856 = per acre)
Every figure below is a published government rate. The per-acre column is this page's arithmetic.
| Published rate | Per hectare | Per acre |
|---|---|---|
| Watershed development (WDC-PMKSY), plain areas | ₹22,000 | ₹8,903 |
| Watershed development, hilly / difficult / LWE areas | ₹28,000 | ₹11,331 |
| Crop-loss input subsidy (SDRF), rain-fed | ₹8,500 | ₹3,440 |
| Crop-loss input subsidy (SDRF), assured irrigated | ₹17,000 | ₹6,880 |
| Crop-loss input subsidy (SDRF), perennial crops | ₹22,500 | ₹9,105 |
| Oil palm planting material (NMEO-OP), current | ₹29,000 | ₹11,736 |
| Oil palm planting material, previous rate | ₹12,000 | ₹4,856 |
| Horticulture (MIDH), strawberry | ₹2,00,000 | ₹80,937 |
| Horticulture (MIDH), grape incl. support system | ₹3,00,000 | ₹1,21,406 |
Two of those deserve a note. The crop-loss input subsidy rates are the SDRF norms for the 2022-23 to 2025-26 cycle, payable where crop loss exceeds 33%, and each carries a minimum per farmer (₹1,000, ₹2,000 and ₹2,500 respectively), which for a smallholder is often the operative figure rather than the per-hectare rate. We verified these against a state government reproduction of the norms rather than the originating Ministry of Home Affairs letter, which we could not reach.
The watershed rates are the WDC-PMKSY 2.0 cost norms for 2021-26, verified against both the Department of Land Resources scheme portal and a state soil conservation department.
Indian crop yields are published in kilograms per hectare, never per acre. From the Economic Survey 2025-26, Statistical Appendix, Table 1.17, Yield Per Hectare of Major Crops, for 2024-25:
| Crop | Kg per hectare | Quintal per hectare | Kg per acre | Quintal per acre |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rice | 2,929 | 29.29 | 1,185.32 | 11.853 |
| Wheat | 3,595 | 35.95 | 1,454.84 | 14.548 |
| All foodgrains | 2,601 | 26.01 | 1,052.59 | 10.526 |
The rule for a farmer who thinks in acres: divide the published per-hectare yield by 2.4711, or multiply by 0.4047.
Using 2.5 instead understates the per-acre yield by 1.17%, on wheat, about 17 kilograms an acre. That will not change a decision, but it will make a farmer's own arithmetic disagree with the extension officer's, which is its own kind of problem.
Land acquisition compensation is stated per hectare in some states and per acre in others, and the difference tracks the state's land record rather than any national rule.
In Kazi Akiloddin v. State of Maharashtra (Supreme Court, 2024 INSC 505, 10 July 2024), the Land Acquisition Officer's awards were "Rs. 5,61,000/- per hectare" for one parcel and "Rs.72,400/- per hectare" for others. Converted: ₹2,27,029 and ₹29,299 per acre.
Two details in that judgment are worth pausing on. The Court describes the land as "1 hectare and 1700 sq.meters (1,25,937 sq. ft.)", hectares and square metres, with square feet in brackets. And it converts the per-hectare award into "Rs. 5/- per sq. ft. (approx.)" in the same breath. Three area systems inside two sentences of a single Supreme Court judgment.
Contrast Krishan Kumar v. State of Haryana (Supreme Court, 2025 INSC 638, 7 May 2025), where compensation runs entirely in acres and kanals: "INR 87,34,885 per acre", "INR 1,21,00,000 per acre", "beyond the depth of 5 acres calculated from NH-8". Not one hectare figure in the judgment. Same court, adjacent years, different states, different units.
A correction worth making, because a great deal of published content gets it wrong: the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 does not compute compensation per hectare, per acre or per square metre. Its First Schedule names no area unit at all. Compensation is the market value under section 26, multiplied by a factor of 1.00 to 2.00 in rural areas or 1 in urban areas, plus the value of attached assets, plus solatium equal to 100% of that sum. The area unit enters only through the underlying state circle rate or ready reckoner, which is per hectare in Uttar Pradesh, per square metre in Maharashtra, Delhi and Gujarat, per square foot for sites in Karnataka, and per decimal in Bihar.
Two documented items. Neither is presented as evidence that conversion error is systemic. One is a single case and the other is an audit that reports variance without attributing a cause.
Chandrakant Namdeo Patil v. City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra Ltd., Bombay High Court, Writ Petition No. 12160 of 2017, decided 4 September 2018 before Sayed and Gupte JJ.
The land was acquired for CIDCO. Follow the units:
| Step | Figure | Square metres |
|---|---|---|
| Section 6 notification described the land as | 6 acres 20 gunthas | 26,304.57 |
| which the notification correctly rendered as | 2 hectares 63 ares | 26,300 |
| the award instead recorded | 2 hectares 33 ares | 23,300 |
| Shortfall | 0.7424 acre | 3,004.57 |
The section 6 notification, in the Court's words, "described the land as Gut No. 183 Part ad-measuring 6 Acres, 20 Gunthas equivalent to 2 Hectares 63 Ares." That conversion is correct. The award then recorded 2 hectares 33 ares. The Court found "a mistake appears to have crept in, in the award, as a result of an incorrect conversion of the area of the land from Acres and Gunthas to Hectares and Ares and thence to Square Meters," and confirmed that "The true area of the land acquired is correctly described in the award as 6 Acres and 20 Gunthas."
A single digit: 63 written as 33. About 3,000 square metres, roughly three-quarters of an acre, of compensation. Recovered only because the landowner filed a writ petition and the corporation undertook to pay the differential; the Court directed the State to prepare a payment proposal for "the differential area of land" and CIDCO to deposit it within six weeks.
Note the chain: acres and gunthas → hectares and ares → square metres for pricing. Three notations, two conversions, and the error sat in the middle step where nobody was looking.
The Comptroller and Auditor General's Performance Audit on Land Records Management in Tamil Nadu (Report No. 3 of 2022, covering 2016-21) found area discrepancies between manual and computerised registers on a substantial scale: "variations (61 per cent) in the extent were noticed in 282 villages" out of 463 test-checked; "the land area under 32,120 out of 2,37,982 Survey numbers and 2,27,459 out of 15,88,564 Sub-divisions were at variance"; and variation in field measurement sketches that "ranged from 6 to more than 100 per cent".
The audit measures those discrepancies in ares, one example finds four survey numbers where "the area as per computerised A-Register was lesser by 17 Ares", in a state whose farmers and market speak in acres and cents.
Stated carefully: the CAG documented area variance between registers. It did not attribute that variance to unit conversion, and neither does this page. What the two items together show is that Indian land area passes through multiple notations, and that at least one documented case turned on an error introduced during that passage.
The metric system's founding law (the Loi du 18 germinal an III, 7 April 1795) defined the unit of land area as the are, not the hectare. Article 5, verbatim:
"Are, la mesure de superficie, pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté." > ("Are, the measure of area, for land, equal to a square of ten metres on a side.")
Article 6 separately established the multiplying prefixes (décamètre, hectomètre, kilomètre, myriamètre), and Article 7 extended the dividing prefixes to the other measures.
The hectare is the composition of the two: hecto- plus are, a hundred ares. It is not a separately defined unit in that law, and this page does not claim the 1795 law created it. What is firmly dated is its international adoption: the CIPM adopted the are and the hectare, and their symbols, in 1879.
The hectare has never been an SI unit. Until recently the SI Brochure described it as accepted for use with the SI. That framing is gone.
Version 4.01 of the 9th edition of the SI Brochure, published by the BIPM on 4 June 2026, reorganised non-SI units into four categories. In the BIPM's own English:
The are and the hectare are in the second category. In Table 8 of the Brochure they sit under "Noms historiques de multiples et sous-multiples décimaux des unités SI", with the entries are, a, 1 a = 1 dam² = 10² m² and hectare, ha, 1 ha = 1 hm² = 10⁴ m², and a footnote reading "The CIPM adopted the units are and hectare, and their symbols, in 1879. They are used for expressing land area."
Read the entry literally and it says what the 1795 law implies: a hectare is a square hectometre, and "hectare" is a historical name for it. The world's metrology authority now files the unit of Indian agricultural land as a legacy alias.
This is the same reclassification reported for the are, and it was re-verified independently for this page.
This is the finding most likely to surprise a reader, and it is verbatim.
India's units are set by the Legal Metrology Act 2009 and the Legal Metrology (National Standards) Rules 2011. Rule 17 is headed "Temporarily accepted units":
"The unit of weight or measure specified in the Sixth Schedule may also be used, subject to the condition that the Central Government shall, at least once in every ten years after the commencement of these rules, review the need, or otherwise, for the continuance for general use of such units"
And the Sixth Schedule, headed "Temporarily accepted Units", item 4:
"4. Unit of land measurement – (1) The first unit for measurement of land area shall be the 'are' (Symbol : a). The 'are' is the area of a square with sides of length 10 metres. 1 a = dam² = 10² m² (2) The second unit for measurement of land area shall be hectare. (Symbol: ha) The hectare is the area of a square with sides of length 100 metres. 1 ha = 1 hm² = 10⁴ m² (3) The prefixes specified in the Third Schedule shall not be used with the 'are' or hectare."
Three things follow, and each is worth stating.
The hectare is India's second unit of land measurement. The are is the first. That ordering matches Kerala's practice and the are-column on a Maharashtra 7/12, and it is the reverse of what almost everyone assumes.
SI prefixes may not be used with either. "Kilohectare" and "centiare" are barred. There is a pleasing irony in the prohibition: hectare is itself a prefixed are, grandfathered in by 1879 and now protected from further prefixing.
The hectare's place in Indian law is not permanent. It sits in a schedule titled "Temporarily accepted Units", and the Central Government is under a standing statutory duty to reconsider, at least once every ten years, whether these units should continue in general use. The unit your land record is written in has a review clause attached to it.
Sourcing note: we retrieved the Rules' text from a legal-database mirror rather than a government host. The wording is internally consistent and matches the Rules' structure, but anyone relying on the exact language should confirm it against the gazetted copy on the Department of Consumer Affairs site.
The Ares page states that IS 1890 does not name the are or the hectare. That was too broad, and this page corrects it.
IS 1890 (Part 0):1995, on general principles, names neither, its table of units recognised for use with SI lists minute, hour, day, degree, litre and tonne, and no area units at all. But IS 1890 (Part 1):1995, Quantities and Units, Part 1: Space and Time, does name both, in a note to the square-metre entry at item 1-5.a:
"The unit are, symbol a, (and its multiple hectare, symbol ha) are used to express agrarian areas, 1 a = 100 m² (exactly)."
(The retrieved scan renders the equals sign as a greater-than, evidently an OCR artefact; the sentence's own "(exactly)" settles it.)
The accurate statement is therefore narrower and better: BIS does name the are and the hectare, in the volume on space and time, describing them as used for agrarian areas.
One hectare is 2.4710538147 acres. Using 2.5 overstates by 1.171411%, which is 117 square metres on one hectare, 469 on four, and 1,171 on ten. The thresholds that matter in Indian land administration are 1, 2, 4 and 10 hectares, so the error lands exactly where it does the most damage.
If you remember one figure from this page, make it 2.4711.
1-25-40 in hectare-are-square metre is a decimal: 12,540 m². A triple in bigha-biswa-biswansi is not. There are 20 biswa to a bigha and 20 biswansi to a biswa, so the digits cannot be read off.
The test: ares and square metres run to 99; biswa and biswansi stop at 19. Any figure with 20 or more in the second or third position must be metric. Below 20 in both, check the column heading, both readings are possible and they differ by nearly threefold.
Areas multiply by 2.4711 to go from hectares to acres. Rates and yields divide by it.
| Hectare figure | To get the acre figure | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|
| An area of 10 ha | 10 | × 2.4711 | 24.71 acres |
| A rate of ₹22,000/ha | 22,000 | ÷ 2.4711 | ₹8,903/acre |
| A yield of 3,595 kg/ha | 3,595 | ÷ 2.4711 | 1,454.84 kg/acre |
The reason is straightforward once seen: a hectare contains 2.4711 acres, so the money or grain attached to it is spread across 2.4711 acres, and each acre gets less.
Only questions the page has not already answered.
No. 1 hectare = 2.4710538147 acres. The 2.5 figure is a rounding that overstates by 1.17%, and it is used often enough that at least one Government of India report prints it. On the thresholds that matter in Indian land law (1, 2, 4 and 10 hectares) it invents between 117 and 1,171 square metres of land.
4,050 square metres, which is 0.4050 hectare, 40 ares 50 square metres, and 1.0008 acres. Read the digits as places: the first two after the point are ares, the next two are square metres. Four decimal places of a hectare resolve to exactly one square metre.
But check the column heading first. If your record is in bigha-biswa-biswansi rather than hectare-are-square metre, the same-looking figure reads on base twenty and means something else entirely. The test is here.
It depends entirely on the state, and any page that gives you one number has guessed. One hectare is 1.60 bigha in Patna and eastern Uttar Pradesh, 2.50 in Gujarat and the Uttarakhand plains, 7.47 in West Bengal and Assam, and 15.82 in the Uttarakhand hills. The full matrix is here.
Under the Government of India's classification, a marginal holding is below 1.00 hectare, below 2.4711 acres. Small is 1 to 2 hectares, semi-medium 2 to 4, medium 4 to 10, and large 10 and above.
Most Indian farmers are in the first category: 68.45% of all operational holdings are below one hectare, and the national average holding is 1.08 hectares. This page describes how the categories are defined; whether a particular scheme applies them, and how it treats jointly held or leased land, is a question for that scheme's guidelines.
Yes, and with a caveat few people know about. The hectare is named in the Sixth Schedule of the Legal Metrology (National Standards) Rules 2011 as the second unit for measurement of land area. The are is the first. But that Schedule is headed "Temporarily accepted Units", and Rule 17 obliges the Central Government to review, at least once every ten years, whether these units should continue in general use. SI prefixes may not be used with either unit.
The acre, by contrast, is not named in the Act or the Rules at all.
Because central agricultural schemes are administered in one national unit and land records are not. Crop insurance under PMFBY states it explicitly, "Area under cultivation shall always be expressed in hectare", while the record underneath is in hectares in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Punjab, acre-gunta in Karnataka, acre-decimal in Bihar and West Bengal, and kanal-marla in Haryana.
Convert from the figure on your record, not from a remembered one, and use 2.4711 rather than 2.5.
Divide by 2.4711, not multiply. A yield of 35.95 quintals per hectare, the 2024-25 national wheat figure, is 14.548 quintals per acre. Rates and yields convert in the opposite direction to areas, because the hectare's output is spread over 2.4711 acres.
On a Maharashtra 7/12 it is part of your total area: the form shows cultivable area (अ), pot kharab area (ब), and the total as their sum. So the figure most people quote as their holding includes it, while the land they can actually farm is the first line.
Whether it counts toward a ceiling holding is a different and contested question, Indian courts have gone both ways on it, and the answer will depend on your state's ceiling Act and the facts. This page does not state an outcome.
Two exact values anchor the page:
Every other figure was derived from those in exact rational arithmetic (Python fractions.Fraction, never floating point), and rounded once, at display. Each table was then parsed back out of the finished article, each unit re-resolved from the factor store, and every cell recomputed at its own displayed precision using round-half-up. Every number written into the prose was separately re-derived from first principles rather than read off the tables. 531 table cells and 118 independent prose checks. Errors at delivery: 0.
Values marked Exact terminate and can be written down completely; those marked Recurring have been truncated for display. The asymmetry between the two instant-answer tables (every conversion into hectares exact, almost every conversion out of them recurring) is explained in that section and is a property of the arithmetic, not of the presentation.
Central law
State law and rules
Judgments
Statistics, audits and schemes
Standards and metrology
Three sources central to this page were reachable only through mirrors rather than government hosts. Their content was consistent across repeated retrievals and matches the structure of the instruments concerned, but anyone relying on the exact wording should confirm against the official copy:
Published here rather than filled in.
A third correction was made to an assumption held while this page was being planned, and it is worth recording because it is the kind of error the page exists to prevent: we began from the premise that 1.2540 hectares and 1 ha 25 are 40 m² were different areas that readers confused. They are the same area (12,540 m²), and the real confusion runs the other way, between a base-100 metric triple and a base-20 bigha triple that looks identical.
Six findings we could not locate anywhere else, ordered by how hard they would be to reproduce:
Four smaller points also appear to be unpublished elsewhere: the Maharashtra non-agricultural trap (NA plots drop the hectare column and are written in are-square metre); the Soil Health Card grid set against average holding size, so that in irrigated areas one sample commonly represents two or more farms; the RFCTLARR correction that its First Schedule names no area unit at all; and the one-farmer-three-units table.
If any figure, citation or reading here is wrong, we want to fix it. The items most likely to need correcting are in the unverified list above, particularly the Maharashtra First Schedule and the Karnataka "unit", either of which would let this page state a real ceiling figure instead of describing a structure.
| Conversion | 1 Hectare | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Acre | 2.471054 | Recurring; Exact by definition: 43,560 sq ft = 4,840 sq yd |
| Ankanam | 1,494.987558 (Standard) | Region-specific; also 2,989.975116 (Tirupati) |
| Ares | 100 | Exact; 100 m², the metric are |
| Bigha | 3.953686 (UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca) | Region-specific; also 11.861058 (UP kachha (6⅔ biswa)) · 15.814744 (UP kachha (5 biswa) / Uttarakhand hills) · 6.177635 (Rajasthan kachha / Gujarat vigha / Uttarakhand Terai) |
| Biswa | 79.073722 (UP / Rajasthan pucca) | Region-specific; also 123.552691 (Rajasthan kachha) · 237.221166 (Punjab / Haryana old records) · 247.105381 (Himachal Pradesh) |
| Biswa Kacha | 237.221166 (Punjab / Haryana revenue definition) | Region-specific; also 123.552691 (Rajasthan kachha reading) |
| Cent | 247.105381 | Recurring; One hundredth of an acre, exactly |
| Chatak | 2,391.980093 | Recurring; 5 sq yd exactly; 16 to the cottah, 968 to the acre. Reported, not stated by any instrument located |
| Decimal | 247.105381 | Recurring; One hundredth of an acre, exactly |
| Dhur | 1,581.474441 (Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain)) | Region-specific; also 29,899.751158 (Tripura) |
| Dismil | 247.105381 | Recurring; The decimal under another name |
| Gaj | 11,959.900463 | Recurring; The square yard, 9 sq ft |
| Gajam | 11,959.900463 | Recurring; The square yard in Telugu, 9 sq ft |
| Ground | 44.849627 | Recurring; Tamil Nadu Urban Land Tax Act 1966, s.2(8-A): "an area comprising two hundred and twenty three square metres (two thousand and four hundred square feet)" |
| Guntha | 98.842153 | Recurring; 121 sq yd; 40 guntha = 1 acre exactly |
| Kanal | 19.768431 (Standard (66-inch karam)) | Region-specific; also 23.919801 (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) · 26.045001 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) · 29.530618 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam)) |
| Katha | 79.073722 (Bihar state standard) | Region-specific; also 149.498756 (West Bengal / Jharkhand) · 37.374689 (Assam) · 61.776345 (Bihar (Chhapra)) |
| Killa | 2.471054 | Recurring; The acre under its Punjabi name |
| Lessa | 747.493779 | Recurring; The 12-foot mauzadari jar squared (Assam Land Records Manual r.117); 20 to a katha, 100 to a bigha |
| Marla | 395.36861 (Standard (66-inch karam)) | Region-specific; also 478.396019 (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) · 520.900013 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) · 590.612369 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam)) |
| Murabba | 0.098842 (Punjab canal colony) | Region-specific; also 0.158147 (Rajasthan (Indira Gandhi Canal)) |
| Nali | 49.832919 | Recurring; 240 sq yd; 16 mutthi of 135 sq ft. No instrument located states the figure |
| Perch | 395.36861 | Recurring; 30.25 sq yd; 160 perches = 1 acre |
| Pura | 1.868734 | Recurring; 4 Assam bigha of 14,400 sq ft. The 4:1 ratio is SOURCED -- the Supreme Court states it in 1961 and 1971 and the Gauhati High Court in 1986, 2023, 2024 and 2026 -- but no instrument, judgment or manual states the square-foot figure, which is derived from the Assam bigha |
| Square Centimeter | 100,000,000 | Exact; One ten-thousandth of a square metre |
| Square Feet | 107,639.104167 | Recurring; The base of this series |
| Square Inch | 15,500,031.000062 | Recurring; One 144th of a square foot |
| Square Karam | 3,558.317493 (Standard (66-inch karam)) | Region-specific; also 4,305.564167 (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) · 4,688.100113 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) · 5,315.511317 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam)) |
| Square Kilometer | 0.01 | Exact; 1,000,000 m² |
| Square Meter | 10,000 | Exact; The SI unit of area |
| Square Mile | 0.003861 | Recurring; Standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976, Schedule (see s.79): "1 square mile = 2 589 988.110 336 square metres"; 640 acres exactly |
| Square Yard | 11,959.900463 | Recurring; 9 sq ft exactly |
1 hectare = 100 ares, exact. An are is 100 m², the metric are.
A hundred ares to the hectare. Both are decimal land units from the same 1795 French scheme; the are survives in Kerala, Goa and Maharashtra records while the hectare took over everywhere else.
Ares = Hectare × 100
| Hectare | Ares |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 200 |
| 3 | 300 |
| 5 | 500 |
| 10 | 1,000 |
| 20 | 2,000 |
| 50 | 5,000 |
| 100 | 10,000 |
| 200 | 20,000 |
| 500 | 50,000 |
| 1,000 | 100,000 |
5 hectares × 100 = 500 ares
Hectare = Ares × 0.01
1 hectare = 3.953686 bigha on the UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca definition. The bigha has no single national value. It is also 11.861058 (UP kachha (6⅔ biswa)) · 15.814744 (UP kachha (5 biswa) / Uttarakhand hills) · 6.177635 (Rajasthan kachha / Gujarat vigha / Uttarakhand Terai) and 5 more per hectare. Every definition this series has located is set out with the evidence behind it.
The hectare is fixed and the bigha is not, so this conversion changes with the district: from 3.95 bigha per hectare in the pucca belt to 15.8 where the five-biswa kachha bigha is used. Records that print both are converting from the hectare, not measuring the bigha.
Where the bigha fits into the hectare's own record is set out in Hectare to Bigha, Katha, Biswa and Dhur above; what follows is the arithmetic.
The ratio is the fraction 625,000,000/158,080,329, 3.9536861…, which recurs.
Bigha = Hectare ÷ 0.2529285264 (UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca)
| Hectare | Bigha (UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 3.953686 |
| 2 | 7.907372 |
| 3 | 11.861058 |
| 5 | 19.768431 |
| 10 | 39.536861 |
| 20 | 79.073722 |
| 50 | 197.684305 |
| 100 | 395.36861 |
| 200 | 790.737221 |
| 500 | 1,976.843052 |
| 1,000 | 3,953.686103 |
| Bigha definition | Where it applies | 1 bigha in sq ft | Bigha per hectare | Terminates? | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca (the definition used here) | Purvanchal, Awadh, Patna belt, east Rajasthan | 27,225 | 3.953686 | Recurring | sourced |
| UP kachha (6⅔ biswa) | West Uttar Pradesh | 9,075 | 11.861058 | Recurring | sourced |
| UP kachha (5 biswa) / Uttarakhand hills | West UP, Kumaon and Garhwal hills | 6,806.25 | 15.814744 | Recurring | sourced |
| Rajasthan kachha / Gujarat vigha / Uttarakhand Terai | Marwar, Gujarat, Terai | 17,424 | 6.177635 | Recurring | sourced |
| Madhya Pradesh | Madhya Pradesh | 12,000 | 8.969925 | Recurring | reported, not sourced |
| West Bengal / Assam / Jharkhand | West Bengal, Assam, Ranchi | 14,400 | 7.474938 | Recurring | sourced |
| Himachal Pradesh / Haryana Rohtak belt | Himachal Pradesh, Rohtak, Hisar | 8,712 | 12.355269 | Recurring | sourced |
| Punjab / west Haryana | Punjab, kanal belt of Haryana | 21,780 | 4.942108 | Recurring | sourced |
| Haryana Ambala belt | Ambala, Gurugram, Faridabad, Karnal, Panipat | 8,100 | 13.288778 | Recurring | sourced |
Not every definition above rests on an instrument. 1 of the 9 are marked reported or no instrument located: in circulation and internally consistent, but this series could not find a rule, manual or judgment stating them. What was searched for each is recorded with that unit. Terminates? answers only whether the ratio has a finite decimal, not whether the figure behind it is verified.
To convert against one of the other definitions, multiply by its factor.
5 hectares ÷ 0.2529285264 = 19.768431 bigha
Hectare = Bigha × 0.2529285264 (UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca)
Hectare = Bigha × 0.0843095088 (UP kachha (6⅔ biswa))
Hectare = Bigha × 0.0632321316 (UP kachha (5 biswa) / Uttarakhand hills)
Hectare = Bigha × 0.161874256896 (Rajasthan kachha / Gujarat vigha / Uttarakhand Terai)
Hectare = Bigha × 0.111483648 (Madhya Pradesh)
Hectare = Bigha × 0.1337803776 (West Bengal / Assam / Jharkhand)
Hectare = Bigha × 0.080937128448 (Himachal Pradesh / Haryana Rohtak belt)
Hectare = Bigha × 0.20234282112 (Punjab / west Haryana)
Hectare = Bigha × 0.0752514624 (Haryana Ambala belt)
1 hectare = 247.105381 cents, recurring. A cent is one hundredth of an acre, exactly.
247.105381467… cents to the hectare. Kerala records print both, because the state moved to metric measures while the market kept quoting cents.
Where the cent fits into the hectare's own record is set out in Hectare to Guntha, Cent, Ground and the Rest above; what follows is the arithmetic.
The ratio is the fraction 39,062,500,000/158,080,329, 247.10538147…, which recurs.
Cent = Hectare ÷ 0.0040468564224
| Hectare | Cent |
|---|---|
| 1 | 247.105381 |
| 2 | 494.210763 |
| 3 | 741.316144 |
| 5 | 1,235.526907 |
| 10 | 2,471.053815 |
| 20 | 4,942.107629 |
| 50 | 12,355.269073 |
| 100 | 24,710.538147 |
| 200 | 49,421.076293 |
| 500 | 123,552.690734 |
| 1,000 | 247,105.381467 |
5 hectares ÷ 0.0040468564224 = 1,235.526907 cents
Hectare = Cent × 0.0040468564224
1 hectare = 98.842153 gunthas, recurring. A guntha is 121 sq yd; 40 guntha = 1 acre exactly.
98.842153… gunthas to the hectare, a figure that recurs, which is the clue that the two units come from different systems. On a 7/12 extract that prints hectares and gunthas side by side, neither column is a clean multiple of the other.
Where the guntha fits into the hectare's own record is set out in Hectare to Guntha, Cent, Ground and the Rest above; what follows is the arithmetic.
The ratio is the fraction 15,625,000,000/158,080,329, 98.84215259…, which recurs.
Guntha = Hectare ÷ 0.010117141056
| Hectare | Guntha |
|---|---|
| 1 | 98.842153 |
| 2 | 197.684305 |
| 3 | 296.526458 |
| 5 | 494.210763 |
| 10 | 988.421526 |
| 20 | 1,976.843052 |
| 50 | 4,942.107629 |
| 100 | 9,884.215259 |
| 200 | 19,768.430517 |
| 500 | 49,421.076293 |
| 1,000 | 98,842.152587 |
5 hectares ÷ 0.010117141056 = 494.210763 gunthas
Hectare = Guntha × 0.010117141056
1 hectare = 19.768431 kanal on the Standard (66-inch karam) definition. The kanal has no single national value. It is also 23.919801 (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) · 26.045001 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) · 29.530618 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam)) per hectare. Every definition this series has located is set out with the evidence behind it.
19.768430517… kanal to the hectare on the standard karam, recurring, and belt-dependent on top of that. This is the conversion a Punjab acquisition award needs and the one most likely to be quoted to more precision than it deserves.
Where the kanal fits into the hectare's own record is set out in Hectare to Kanal, Marla and Square Karam above; what follows is the arithmetic.
The ratio is the fraction 3,125,000,000/158,080,329, 19.76843052…, which recurs.
Kanal = Hectare ÷ 0.05058570528 (Standard (66-inch karam))
| Hectare | Kanal (Standard (66-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 19.768431 |
| 2 | 39.536861 |
| 3 | 59.305292 |
| 5 | 98.842153 |
| 10 | 197.684305 |
| 20 | 395.36861 |
| 50 | 988.421526 |
| 100 | 1,976.843052 |
| 200 | 3,953.686103 |
| 500 | 9,884.215259 |
| 1,000 | 19,768.430517 |
| Kanal definition | Where it applies | 1 kanal in sq ft | Kanal per hectare | Terminates? | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard (66-inch karam) (the definition used here) | Most of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, J&K | 5,445 | 19.768431 | Recurring | sourced |
| Majha belt (60-inch karam) | Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Tarn Taran | 4,500 | 23.919801 | Recurring | reported, not sourced |
| Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam) | Jalandhar, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur, and Kangra in Himachal | 4,132.8125 | 26.045001 | Recurring | reported, not sourced |
| Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam) | Parts of Kapurthala | 3,645 | 29.530618 | Recurring | reported, not sourced |
Not every definition above rests on an instrument. 3 of the 4 are marked reported or no instrument located: in circulation and internally consistent, but this series could not find a rule, manual or judgment stating them. What was searched for each is recorded with that unit. Terminates? answers only whether the ratio has a finite decimal, not whether the figure behind it is verified.
| Hectare | Kanal (4,500 sq ft) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 23.919801 |
| 2 | 47.839602 |
| 3 | 71.759403 |
| 5 | 119.599005 |
| 10 | 239.198009 |
| 20 | 478.396019 |
| 50 | 1,195.990046 |
| 100 | 2,391.980093 |
| 200 | 4,783.960185 |
| 500 | 11,959.900463 |
| 1,000 | 23,919.800926 |
| Hectare | Kanal (4,132.8125 sq ft) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 26.045001 |
| 2 | 52.090001 |
| 3 | 78.135002 |
| 5 | 130.225003 |
| 10 | 260.450006 |
| 20 | 520.900013 |
| 50 | 1,302.250032 |
| 100 | 2,604.500063 |
| 200 | 5,209.000126 |
| 500 | 13,022.500315 |
| 1,000 | 26,045.00063 |
| Hectare | Kanal (3,645 sq ft) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 29.530618 |
| 2 | 59.061237 |
| 3 | 88.591855 |
| 5 | 147.653092 |
| 10 | 295.306184 |
| 20 | 590.612369 |
| 50 | 1,476.530921 |
| 100 | 2,953.061843 |
| 200 | 5,906.123685 |
| 500 | 14,765.309214 |
| 1,000 | 29,530.618427 |
5 hectares ÷ 0.05058570528 = 98.842153 kanal
Hectare = Kanal × 0.05058570528 (Standard (66-inch karam))
Hectare = Kanal × 0.041806368 (Majha belt (60-inch karam))
Hectare = Kanal × 0.0383950845 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam))
Hectare = Kanal × 0.03386315808 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam))
1 hectare = 49.832919 nali, recurring. A nali is 240 sq yd; 16 mutthi of 135 sq ft. No instrument located states the figure.
4.6296… nali to the hectare, recurring. Uttarakhand's record of rights is metric while the hill market is not, so a terraced holding is routinely described in both and reconciled in neither.
The ratio is the fraction 195,312,500/3,919,347, 49.8329186…, which recurs.
Nali = Hectare ÷ 0.02006705664
| Hectare | Nali |
|---|---|
| 1 | 49.832919 |
| 2 | 99.665837 |
| 3 | 149.498756 |
| 5 | 249.164593 |
| 10 | 498.329186 |
| 20 | 996.658372 |
| 50 | 2,491.64593 |
| 100 | 4,983.29186 |
| 200 | 9,966.583719 |
| 500 | 24,916.459298 |
| 1,000 | 49,832.918596 |
5 hectares ÷ 0.02006705664 = 249.164593 nali
Hectare = Nali × 0.02006705664
1 hectare = 1.868734 pura, recurring. A pura is 4 Assam bigha of 14,400 sq ft. The 4:1 ratio is SOURCED -- the Supreme Court states it in 1961 and 1971 and the Gauhati High Court in 1986, 2023, 2024 and 2026 -- but no instrument, judgment or manual states the square-foot figure, which is derived from the Assam bigha.
0.535 hectares to the pura. Assam's record of rights is metric; the pura appears in conversation and in older deeds, and this is the figure that reconciles the two.
The ratio is the fraction 9,765,625/5,225,796, 1.86873445…, which recurs.
Pura = Hectare ÷ 0.5351215104
| Hectare | Pura |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1.868734 |
| 2 | 3.737469 |
| 3 | 5.606203 |
| 5 | 9.343672 |
| 10 | 18.687344 |
| 20 | 37.374689 |
| 50 | 93.436722 |
| 100 | 186.873445 |
| 200 | 373.746889 |
| 500 | 934.367224 |
| 1,000 | 1,868.734447 |
5 hectares ÷ 0.5351215104 = 9.343672 pura
Hectare = Pura × 0.5351215104
1 hectare = 100,000,000 square centimetres, exact. A square centimetre is one ten-thousandth of a square metre.
Square Centimeter = Hectare × 100,000,000
| Hectare | Square Centimeter |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100,000,000 |
| 2 | 200,000,000 |
| 3 | 300,000,000 |
| 5 | 500,000,000 |
| 10 | 1,000,000,000 |
| 20 | 2,000,000,000 |
| 50 | 5,000,000,000 |
| 100 | 10,000,000,000 |
| 200 | 20,000,000,000 |
| 500 | 50,000,000,000 |
| 1,000 | 100,000,000,000 |
5 hectares × 100,000,000 = 500,000,000 square centimetres
Hectare = Square Centimeter × 0.00000001
1 hectare = 107,639.104167 square feet, recurring. A square foot is the base of this series.
A hectare is 107,639.104167… square feet, and the decimal recurs. The exact statement runs the other way: one square foot is 0.09290304 square metres exactly, and a hectare is ten thousand of those.
Where the square foot fits into the hectare's own record is set out in Hectare to Square Feet and Square Meter above; what follows is the arithmetic.
The ratio is the fraction 15,625,000,000/145,161, 107,639.1041671…, which recurs.
Square Feet = Hectare ÷ 0.000009290304
| Hectare | Square Feet |
|---|---|
| 1 | 107,639.104167 |
| 2 | 215,278.208334 |
| 3 | 322,917.312501 |
| 5 | 538,195.520835 |
| 10 | 1,076,391.041671 |
| 20 | 2,152,782.083342 |
| 50 | 5,381,955.208355 |
| 100 | 10,763,910.41671 |
| 200 | 21,527,820.833419 |
| 500 | 53,819,552.083549 |
| 1,000 | 107,639,104.167097 |
5 hectares ÷ 0.000009290304 = 538,195.520835 square feet
Hectare = Square Feet × 0.000009290304
1 hectare = 15,500,031.000062 square inches, recurring. A square inch is one 144th of a square foot.
The ratio is the fraction 250,000,000,000/16,129, 15,500,031.000062…, which recurs.
Square Inch = Hectare ÷ 0.000000064516
| Hectare | Square Inch |
|---|---|
| 1 | 15,500,031.000062 |
| 2 | 31,000,062.000124 |
| 3 | 46,500,093.000186 |
| 5 | 77,500,155.00031 |
| 10 | 155,000,310.00062 |
| 20 | 310,000,620.00124 |
| 50 | 775,001,550.0031 |
| 100 | 1,550,003,100.0062 |
| 200 | 3,100,006,200.0124 |
| 500 | 7,750,015,500.031 |
| 1,000 | 15,500,031,000.062 |
5 hectares ÷ 0.000000064516 = 77,500,155.00031 square inches
Hectare = Square Inch × 0.000000064516
1 hectare = 0.01 square kilometres, exact. A square kilometre is 1,000,000 m².
A hundred hectares to the square kilometre. Indian administrative areas are published in square kilometres and landholdings in hectares, so this is the step between a district gazetteer and a record of rights.
Where the square kilometre fits into the hectare's own record is set out in Hectare to Are, Square Kilometer, Square Mile and Square Yard above; what follows is the arithmetic.
Square Kilometer = Hectare × 0.01
| Hectare | Square Kilometer |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0.01 |
| 2 | 0.02 |
| 3 | 0.03 |
| 5 | 0.05 |
| 10 | 0.1 |
| 20 | 0.2 |
| 50 | 0.5 |
| 100 | 1 |
| 200 | 2 |
| 500 | 5 |
| 1,000 | 10 |
5 hectares × 0.01 = 0.05 square kilometres
Hectare = Square Kilometer × 100
1 hectare = 10,000 square metres, exact. A square metre is the SI unit of area.
Ten thousand square metres to the hectare, by definition. It is the unit almost every Indian record of rights now prints. Its standing under the SI has changed,.
Where the square metre fits into the hectare's own record is set out in Hectare to Square Feet and Square Meter above; what follows is the arithmetic.
Square Meter = Hectare × 10,000
| Hectare | Square Meter |
|---|---|
| 1 | 10,000 |
| 2 | 20,000 |
| 3 | 30,000 |
| 5 | 50,000 |
| 10 | 100,000 |
| 20 | 200,000 |
| 50 | 500,000 |
| 100 | 1,000,000 |
| 200 | 2,000,000 |
| 500 | 5,000,000 |
| 1,000 | 10,000,000 |
5 hectares × 10,000 = 50,000 square metres
Hectare = Square Meter × 0.0001
1 hectare = 0.003861 square miles, recurring. A square mile is standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976, Schedule (see s.79): "1 square mile = 2 589 988.110 336 square metres"; 640 acres exactly.
Where the square mile fits into the hectare's own record is set out in Hectare to Are, Square Kilometer, Square Mile and Square Yard above; what follows is the arithmetic.
The ratio is the fraction 9,765,625/2,529,285,264, 0.00386102…, which recurs.
Square Mile = Hectare ÷ 258.9988110336
| Hectare | Square Mile |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0.003861 |
| 2 | 0.007722 |
| 3 | 0.011583 |
| 5 | 0.019305 |
| 10 | 0.03861 |
| 20 | 0.07722 |
| 50 | 0.193051 |
| 100 | 0.386102 |
| 200 | 0.772204 |
| 500 | 1.930511 |
| 1,000 | 3.861022 |
5 hectares ÷ 258.9988110336 = 0.019305 square miles
Hectare = Square Mile × 258.9988110336
Exactness of the method is not exactness of the result: where a ratio does not terminate, the table says so and the formula gives the fraction.
1 hectare = 1,494.987558 ankanam on the Standard definition; 2,989.975116 on the Tirupati definition. Ankanam = Hectare ÷ 0.000668901888 (Standard) · reverse Hectare = Ankanam × 0.000668901888
| Hectare | Ankanam (Standard) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1,494.987558 |
| 2 | 2,989.975116 |
| 3 | 4,484.962674 |
| 5 | 7,474.937789 |
| 10 | 14,949.875579 |
| 20 | 29,899.751158 |
| 50 | 74,749.377894 |
| 100 | 149,498.755788 |
| 200 | 298,997.511575 |
| 500 | 747,493.778938 |
| 1,000 | 1,494,987.557876 |
Ankanam, Tirupati (36 sq ft):
| Hectare | Ankanam (Tirupati) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 2,989.975116 |
| 2 | 5,979.950232 |
| 3 | 8,969.925347 |
| 5 | 14,949.875579 |
| 10 | 29,899.751158 |
| 20 | 59,799.502315 |
| 50 | 149,498.755788 |
| 100 | 298,997.511575 |
| 200 | 597,995.023151 |
| 500 | 1,494,987.557876 |
| 1,000 | 2,989,975.115753 |
1 hectare = 79.073722 biswa on the UP / Rajasthan pucca definition; 123.552691 on the Rajasthan kachha definition · 237.221166 on the Punjab / Haryana old records definition · 247.105381 on the Himachal Pradesh definition. Biswa = Hectare ÷ 0.01264642632 (UP / Rajasthan pucca) · reverse Hectare = Biswa × 0.01264642632
| Hectare | Biswa (UP / Rajasthan pucca) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 79.073722 |
| 2 | 158.147444 |
| 3 | 237.221166 |
| 5 | 395.36861 |
| 10 | 790.737221 |
| 20 | 1,581.474441 |
| 50 | 3,953.686103 |
| 100 | 7,907.372207 |
| 200 | 15,814.744414 |
| 500 | 39,536.861035 |
| 1,000 | 79,073.722069 |
Biswa, Rajasthan kachha (871.2 sq ft):
| Hectare | Biswa (Rajasthan kachha) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 123.552691 |
| 2 | 247.105381 |
| 3 | 370.658072 |
| 5 | 617.763454 |
| 10 | 1,235.526907 |
| 20 | 2,471.053815 |
| 50 | 6,177.634537 |
| 100 | 12,355.269073 |
| 200 | 24,710.538147 |
| 500 | 61,776.345367 |
| 1,000 | 123,552.690734 |
Biswa, Punjab / Haryana old records (453.75 sq ft):
| Hectare | Biswa (Punjab / Haryana old records) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 237.221166 |
| 2 | 474.442332 |
| 3 | 711.663499 |
| 5 | 1,186.105831 |
| 10 | 2,372.211662 |
| 20 | 4,744.423324 |
| 50 | 11,861.05831 |
| 100 | 23,722.116621 |
| 200 | 47,444.233242 |
| 500 | 118,610.583104 |
| 1,000 | 237,221.166208 |
Biswa, Himachal Pradesh (435.6 sq ft):
435.6 square feet either way, so the Hectare to Cent figures apply unchanged. What differs between the two is the record each word belongs to, not the size.
1 hectare = 237.221166 biswa kacha on the Punjab / Haryana revenue definition; 123.552691 on the Rajasthan kachha reading definition. Biswa Kacha = Hectare ÷ 0.00421547544 (Punjab / Haryana revenue) · reverse Hectare = Biswa Kacha × 0.00421547544
453.75 square feet either way, so the Hectare to Biswa, Punjab / Haryana old records figures apply unchanged. What differs between the two is the record each word belongs to, not the size.
Biswa Kacha, Rajasthan kachha reading (871.2 sq ft):
871.2 square feet either way, so the Hectare to Biswa, Rajasthan kachha figures apply unchanged. What differs between the two is the record each word belongs to, not the size.
1 hectare = 1,581.474441 dhur on the Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain) definition; 29,899.751158 on the Tripura definition. Dhur = Hectare ÷ 0.000632321316 (Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain)) · reverse Hectare = Dhur × 0.000632321316
| Hectare | Dhur (Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1,581.474441 |
| 2 | 3,162.948883 |
| 3 | 4,744.423324 |
| 5 | 7,907.372207 |
| 10 | 15,814.744414 |
| 20 | 31,629.488828 |
| 50 | 79,073.722069 |
| 100 | 158,147.444139 |
| 200 | 316,294.888278 |
| 500 | 790,737.220695 |
| 1,000 | 1,581,474.44139 |
Dhur, Tripura (3.6 sq ft):
| Hectare | Dhur (Tripura) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 29,899.751158 |
| 2 | 59,799.502315 |
| 3 | 89,699.253473 |
| 5 | 149,498.755788 |
| 10 | 298,997.511575 |
| 20 | 597,995.023151 |
| 50 | 1,494,987.557876 |
| 100 | 2,989,975.115753 |
| 200 | 5,979,950.231505 |
| 500 | 14,949,875.578764 |
| 1,000 | 29,899,751.157527 |
1 hectare = 79.073722 katha on the Bihar state standard definition; 149.498756 on the West Bengal / Jharkhand definition · 37.374689 on the Assam definition · 61.776345 on the Bihar (Chhapra) definition · 56.614913 on the Bihar (Hajipur) definition · 32.947384 on the Bihar (Bettiah) definition. Katha = Hectare ÷ 0.01264642632 (Bihar state standard) · reverse Hectare = Katha × 0.01264642632
1,361.25 square feet either way, so the Hectare to Biswa figures apply unchanged. What differs between the two is the record each word belongs to, not the size.
Every definition as a factor. Multiply hectare by the figure shown.
| Katha definition | Where | Katha per hectare |
|---|---|---|
| Bihar state standard (the definition used here) | Patna, Arrah | 79.073722 |
| West Bengal / Jharkhand | Rural West Bengal, Ranchi | 149.498756 |
| Assam | Assam (except Barak Valley) | 37.374689 |
| Bihar (Chhapra) | Saran | 61.776345 |
| Bihar (Hajipur) | Vaishali | 56.614913 |
| Bihar (Bettiah) | West Champaran | 32.947384 |
1 hectare = 395.36861 marla on the Standard (66-inch karam) definition; 478.396019 on the Majha belt (60-inch karam) definition · 520.900013 on the Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam) definition · 590.612369 on the Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam) definition · 478.396019 on the HSVP urban estate definition. Marla = Hectare ÷ 0.002529285264 (Standard (66-inch karam)) · reverse Hectare = Marla × 0.002529285264
| Hectare | Marla (Standard (66-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 395.36861 |
| 2 | 790.737221 |
| 3 | 1,186.105831 |
| 5 | 1,976.843052 |
| 10 | 3,953.686103 |
| 20 | 7,907.372207 |
| 50 | 19,768.430517 |
| 100 | 39,536.861035 |
| 200 | 79,073.722069 |
| 500 | 197,684.305174 |
| 1,000 | 395,368.610347 |
Every definition as a factor. Multiply hectare by the figure shown.
| Marla definition | Where | Marla per hectare |
|---|---|---|
| Standard (66-inch karam) (the definition used here) | Most of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, J&K | 395.36861 |
| Majha belt (60-inch karam); reported, not sourced | Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Tarn Taran | 478.396019 |
| Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam); reported, not sourced | Jalandhar, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur, and Kangra in Himachal | 520.900013 |
| Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam); reported, not sourced | Parts of Kapurthala | 590.612369 |
| HSVP urban estate | Haryana urban estates | 478.396019 |
1 hectare = 0.098842 murabba on the Punjab canal colony definition; 0.158147 on the Rajasthan (Indira Gandhi Canal) definition. Murabba = Hectare ÷ 10.117141056 (Punjab canal colony) · reverse Hectare = Murabba × 10.117141056
| Hectare | Murabba (Punjab canal colony) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0.098842 |
| 2 | 0.197684 |
| 3 | 0.296526 |
| 5 | 0.494211 |
| 10 | 0.988422 |
| 20 | 1.976843 |
| 50 | 4.942108 |
| 100 | 9.884215 |
| 200 | 19.768431 |
| 500 | 49.421076 |
| 1,000 | 98.842153 |
Murabba, Rajasthan (Indira Gandhi Canal) (680,625 sq ft):
| Hectare | Murabba (Rajasthan (Indira Gandhi Canal)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0.158147 |
| 2 | 0.316295 |
| 3 | 0.474442 |
| 5 | 0.790737 |
| 10 | 1.581474 |
| 20 | 3.162949 |
| 50 | 7.907372 |
| 100 | 15.814744 |
| 200 | 31.629489 |
| 500 | 79.073722 |
| 1,000 | 158.147444 |
1 hectare = 3,558.317493 square karam on the Standard (66-inch karam) definition; 4,305.564167 on the Majha belt (60-inch karam) definition · 4,688.100113 on the Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam) definition · 5,315.511317 on the Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam) definition. Square Karam = Hectare ÷ 0.000281031696 (Standard (66-inch karam)) · reverse Hectare = Square Karam × 0.000281031696
| Hectare | Square Karam (Standard (66-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 3,558.317493 |
| 2 | 7,116.634986 |
| 3 | 10,674.952479 |
| 5 | 17,791.587466 |
| 10 | 35,583.174931 |
| 20 | 71,166.349863 |
| 50 | 177,915.874656 |
| 100 | 355,831.749313 |
| 200 | 711,663.498625 |
| 500 | 1,779,158.746564 |
| 1,000 | 3,558,317.493127 |
Square Karam, Majha belt (60-inch karam) (25 sq ft):
| Hectare | Square Karam (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 4,305.564167 |
| 2 | 8,611.128333 |
| 3 | 12,916.6925 |
| 5 | 21,527.820833 |
| 10 | 43,055.641667 |
| 20 | 86,111.283334 |
| 50 | 215,278.208334 |
| 100 | 430,556.416668 |
| 200 | 861,112.833337 |
| 500 | 2,152,782.083342 |
| 1,000 | 4,305,564.166684 |
Square Karam, Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam) (22.960069 sq ft):
| Hectare | Square Karam (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 4,688.100113 |
| 2 | 9,376.200227 |
| 3 | 14,064.30034 |
| 5 | 23,440.500567 |
| 10 | 46,881.001134 |
| 20 | 93,762.002269 |
| 50 | 234,405.005672 |
| 100 | 468,810.011344 |
| 200 | 937,620.022688 |
| 500 | 2,344,050.05672 |
| 1,000 | 4,688,100.11344 |
Square Karam, Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam) (20.25 sq ft):
| Hectare | Square Karam (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 5,315.511317 |
| 2 | 10,631.022634 |
| 3 | 15,946.533951 |
| 5 | 26,577.556584 |
| 10 | 53,155.113169 |
| 20 | 106,310.226338 |
| 50 | 265,775.565845 |
| 100 | 531,551.131689 |
| 200 | 1,063,102.263379 |
| 500 | 2,657,755.658447 |
| 1,000 | 5,315,511.316894 |
1 hectare = 2,391.980093 chatak (recurring). Chatak = Hectare ÷ 0.00041806368 · reverse Hectare = Chatak × 0.00041806368
| Hectare | Chatak |
|---|---|
| 1 | 2,391.980093 |
| 2 | 4,783.960185 |
| 3 | 7,175.940278 |
| 5 | 11,959.900463 |
| 10 | 23,919.800926 |
| 20 | 47,839.601852 |
| 50 | 119,599.00463 |
| 100 | 239,198.00926 |
| 200 | 478,396.01852 |
| 500 | 1,195,990.046301 |
| 1,000 | 2,391,980.092602 |
1 hectare = 11,959.900463 gaj (recurring). Gaj = Hectare ÷ 0.000083612736 · reverse Hectare = Gaj × 0.000083612736
| Hectare | Gaj |
|---|---|
| 1 | 11,959.900463 |
| 2 | 23,919.800926 |
| 3 | 35,879.701389 |
| 5 | 59,799.502315 |
| 10 | 119,599.00463 |
| 20 | 239,198.00926 |
| 50 | 597,995.023151 |
| 100 | 1,195,990.046301 |
| 200 | 2,391,980.092602 |
| 500 | 5,979,950.231505 |
| 1,000 | 11,959,900.463011 |
1 hectare = 44.849627 ground (recurring). Ground = Hectare ÷ 0.0222967296 · reverse Hectare = Ground × 0.0222967296
| Hectare | Ground |
|---|---|
| 1 | 44.849627 |
| 2 | 89.699253 |
| 3 | 134.54888 |
| 5 | 224.248134 |
| 10 | 448.496267 |
| 20 | 896.992535 |
| 50 | 2,242.481337 |
| 100 | 4,484.962674 |
| 200 | 8,969.925347 |
| 500 | 22,424.813368 |
| 1,000 | 44,849.626736 |
1 hectare = 747.493779 lessa (recurring). Lessa = Hectare ÷ 0.001337803776 · reverse Hectare = Lessa × 0.001337803776
| Hectare | Lessa |
|---|---|
| 1 | 747.493779 |
| 2 | 1,494.987558 |
| 3 | 2,242.481337 |
| 5 | 3,737.468895 |
| 10 | 7,474.937789 |
| 20 | 14,949.875579 |
| 50 | 37,374.688947 |
| 100 | 74,749.377894 |
| 200 | 149,498.755788 |
| 500 | 373,746.889469 |
| 1,000 | 747,493.778938 |
Six of the thirty-two units are two names for one area with another, so their figures are identical to the last digit.
1 hectare = 247.105381 decimal. A decimal and a cent are the same area, 435.6 square feet, so any Hectare figure converts to the same number of either. Decimal = Hectare ÷ 0.0040468564224 · reverse Hectare = Decimal × 0.0040468564224
1 hectare = 247.105381 dismil. A dismil and a cent are the same area, 435.6 square feet, so any Hectare figure converts to the same number of either. Dismil = Hectare ÷ 0.0040468564224 · reverse Hectare = Dismil × 0.0040468564224
1 hectare = 11,959.900463 gajam. A gajam and a gaj are the same area, 9 square feet, so any Hectare figure converts to the same number of either. Gajam = Hectare ÷ 0.000083612736 · reverse Hectare = Gajam × 0.000083612736
1 hectare = 2.471054 killa. A killa and an acre are the same area, 43,560 square feet, so any Hectare figure converts to the same number of either. Killa = Hectare ÷ 0.40468564224 · reverse Hectare = Killa × 0.40468564224
1 hectare = 395.36861 perches. A perch and a marla are the same area, 272.25 square feet, so any Hectare figure converts to the same number of either. Perch = Hectare ÷ 0.002529285264 · reverse Hectare = Perch × 0.002529285264
1 hectare = 11,959.900463 square yards. A square yard and a gaj are the same area, 9 square feet, so any Hectare figure converts to the same number of either. Square Yard = Hectare ÷ 0.000083612736 · reverse Hectare = Square Yard × 0.000083612736
The tables above are arithmetic, and for a hectare the arithmetic is the easy half. What decides whether the figure you started with is the right one to convert at all is The Unit You Are Governed In.
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