Written and fact-checked by Aadil Saif. Arithmetic independently re-verified · Last updated September 2026
Part of the India Land Unit Converter series.
The arithmetic of a square mile takes one line, so the research went somewhere else: into the statute book. India has passed three general weights-and-measures Acts since independence (in 1956, in 1976 and in 2009), and the square mile behaves differently in each. It is absent from the first, printed to thirteen significant figures in the second, and gone from the third. This page reads all three Acts and reports what changed, including one line in the 1976 Schedule that does not agree with another line two entries above it.
1 square mile = 640 acres exactly = 27,878,400 square feet exactly = 258.9988110336 hectares exactly = 2.589988110336 square kilometres exactly.
| One square mile, in | Amount | Terminates? |
|---|---|---|
| Acres | 640 | yes |
| Square feet | 27,878,400 | yes |
| Square yards | 3,097,600 | yes |
| Square metres | 2,589,988.110336 | yes |
| Hectares | 258.9988110336 | yes |
| Square kilometres | 2.589988110336 | yes |
| Guntha | 25,600 | yes |
| Kanal (standard) | 5,120 | yes |
| Ground | 11,616 | yes |
| Square Mile | Acre | Square Kilometer | Hectare | Square Feet | Square Meter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 640 | 2.589988110336 | 258.9988110336 | 27,878,400 | 2,589,988.110336 |
| 2 | 1,280 | 5.179976220672 | 517.9976220672 | 55,756,800 | 5,179,976.220672 |
| 3 | 1,920 | 7.769964331008 | 776.9964331008 | 83,635,200 | 7,769,964.331008 |
| 5 | 3,200 | 12.94994055168 | 1,294.994055168 | 139,392,000 | 12,949,940.55168 |
| 10 | 6,400 | 25.89988110336 | 2,589.988110336 | 278,784,000 | 25,899,881.10336 |
| 20 | 12,800 | 51.79976220672 | 5,179.976220672 | 557,568,000 | 51,799,762.20672 |
| 50 | 32,000 | 129.4994055168 | 12,949.94055168 | 1,393,920,000 | 129,499,405.5168 |
| 100 | 64,000 | 258.9988110336 | 25,899.88110336 | 2,787,840,000 | 258,998,811.0336 |
| 200 | 128,000 | 517.9976220672 | 51,799.76220672 | 5,575,680,000 | 517,997,622.0672 |
| 500 | 320,000 | 1,294.994055168 | 129,499.4055168 | 13,939,200,000 | 1,294,994,055.168 |
| 1,000 | 640,000 | 2,589.988110336 | 258,998.8110336 | 27,878,400,000 | 2,589,988,110.336 |
Nothing in that table is rounded, and almost nothing on this page will be.
Run the square mile against all thirty-two other units in this series at their standard definitions and thirty-one of the thirty-two terminate, each is an exact fraction whose decimal stops, and twenty-five come out as whole numbers. One does neither: the nali, at 12,906.6666… Take every regional variant this series records rather than one definition per unit, sixty-two of them, and fifty-two still terminate. All ten that do not fail for the same reason, and the eleven that runs through every one of them is the reason.
That section also sorts the thirty-two into three groups by why they come out clean, because there is more than one reason and they are usually run together. Sixteen units carry a factor of 11² (27,878,400 factorises as 2¹⁰ × 3² × 5² × 11², the acre's 43,560 as 2³ × 3² × 5 × 11², the guntha's 1,089 as 3² × 11²), and that eleven squared gets into all of them from the surveyor's rod of 16½ feet. Ten more carry no eleven at all and divide for an unrelated reason. Five are metric and terminate for a third.
Three things that table does not say.
The square mile has a statutory Indian value, and it is dead. From the commencement of the Standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976 until 1 April 2011, an Indian statute told you, in terms, that one square mile is 2,589,988.110336 square metres, and told a court that a square mile written in an existing deed was to be construed as that metric figure. The Legal Metrology Act 2009 repealed that Act. It contains no conversion schedule and does not use the word "mile".
In the same Schedule, the acre and the square mile disagree. Two entries apart, the 1976 Schedule gives the square mile exactly and the acre as 4,046.8561 square metres. Multiply the second by 640 and you get a square mile 0.206 square metres smaller than the first. The gap is 0.08 parts per million, nothing to a buyer, everything to a page about whether published figures can be trusted without checking.
And in Indian law it measured grants, not plots. Across the Acts, rules and judgments searched for this page it appears in mineral and petroleum concessions, forest settlement, police jurisdiction and, repeatedly, pieces of territory moving between states and across the border. No instance of a record of rights written in square miles turned up; none is claimed to be impossible. Where the unit survives in Indian law today, it survives as something being quoted, not something being used.
Convert The answer, first · To acre, hectare and square kilometre · The small units
Understand In Indian statute · The eleven that runs through everything · The Schedule's acre · Parliament rounding a conversion · Where it still is · Three mistakes
Check FAQ · Sources and method
Convert to a specific unit: Acre · Ankanam · Ares · Bigha · Biswa · Biswa Kacha · Cent · Chatak · Decimal · Dhur · Dismil · Gaj · Gajam · Ground · Guntha · Hectare · Kanal · Katha · Killa · Lessa · Marla · Murabba · Nali · Perch · Pura · Square Centimeter · Square Feet · Square Inch · Square Karam · Square Kilometer · Square Meter · Square Yard
Every one of the other thirty-two units has a section on this page. Where two units are the same area their table would be identical, so the second section points at the first rather than repeating it.
Every factor is a square mile's own size, 27,878,400 square feet, divided by the target unit's. To check any row by hand, take that number, divide, and compare.
Each one comes from a single anchor, the acre at 43,560 square feet, by exact fraction arithmetic. Where a factor recurs, the formula gives the fraction rather than a rounded decimal, because a rounded factor is a wrong instruction rather than an approximate one: the fraction is what has to be carried wherever the arithmetic must close.
| Conversion | Formula | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Square Mile to Acre | Square Mile × 640 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Ankanam | Square Mile × 387,200 | Exact · Ankanam is regional. This row is the Standard; also 774,400 |
| Square Mile to Ares | Square Mile × 25,899.88110336 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Bigha | Square Mile × 1,024 | Exact · Bigha is regional. This row is the UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca; also 3,072, 4,096, 1,600 and 5 more |
| Square Mile to Biswa | Square Mile × 20,480 | Exact · Biswa is regional. This row is the UP / Rajasthan pucca; also 32,000, 61,440, 64,000 |
| Square Mile to Biswa Kacha | Square Mile × 61,440 | Exact · Biswa Kacha is regional. This row is the Punjab / Haryana revenue; also 32,000 |
| Square Mile to Cent | Square Mile × 64,000 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Chatak | Square Mile × 619,520 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Decimal | Square Mile × 64,000 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Dhur | Square Mile × 409,600 | Exact · Dhur is regional. This row is the Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain); also 7,744,000 |
| Square Mile to Dismil | Square Mile × 64,000 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Gaj | Square Mile × 3,097,600 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Gajam | Square Mile × 3,097,600 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Ground | Square Mile × 11,616 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Guntha | Square Mile × 25,600 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Hectare | Square Mile × 258.9988110336 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Kanal | Square Mile × 5,120 | Exact · Kanal is regional. This row is the Standard (66-inch karam); also 6,195.2, 6,745.624197, 7,648.395062 |
| Square Mile to Katha | Square Mile × 20,480 | Exact · Katha is regional. This row is the Bihar state standard; also 38,720, 9,680, 16,000 and 2 more |
| Square Mile to Killa | Square Mile × 640 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Lessa | Square Mile × 193,600 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Marla | Square Mile × 102,400 | Exact · Marla is regional. This row is the Standard (66-inch karam); also 123,904, 134,912.483932, 152,967.901235 and 1 more |
| Square Mile to Murabba | Square Mile × 25.6 | Exact · Murabba is regional. This row is the Punjab canal colony; also 40.96 |
| Square Mile to Nali | Square Mile × 38,720/3 | Recurring |
| Square Mile to Perch | Square Mile × 102,400 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Pura | Square Mile × 484 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Square Centimeter | Square Mile × 25,899,881,103.36 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Square Feet | Square Mile × 27,878,400 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Square Inch | Square Mile × 4,014,489,600 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Square Karam | Square Mile × 921,600 | Exact · Square Karam is regional. This row is the Standard (66-inch karam); also 1,115,136, 1,214,212.355388, 1,376,711.111111 |
| Square Mile to Square Kilometer | Square Mile × 2.589988110336 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Square Meter | Square Mile × 2,589,988.110336 | Exact |
| Square Mile to Square Yard | Square Mile × 3,097,600 | Exact |
India has passed three general weights-and-measures Acts since independence. The square mile appears in exactly one of them.
The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1956 (89 of 1956) is the Act that put India on the metric system. Its long title is "An Act to establish standards of weights and measures based on the metric system", and it does the job in short, flat sentences:
s.3: "The primary unit of length shall be a metre."
s.9: "The primary unit of area shall be the square metre."
s.13(2): "No unit of mass or measure other than the units of mass and measures referred to in sub-section (1) shall be used as a standard mass or measure."
Then, having declared the destination, it dealt with everything already written in the old units. Section 16 is headed "Conversion of existing weights and measures":
"The value expressed in terms of any weight set forth in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the standards of Weight Act, 1939, (9 of 1939) or in terms of any measure expressed in inches, feet, yards or miles or in gallons may be converted into the value expressed in terms of a standard mass or measure at the rates specified in the First Schedule."
That is the only place in the entire 1956 Act where the word "mile" appears. The unit is named once, in the sentence about converting away from it. The word "acre" does not appear anywhere in the Act at all.
And the First Schedule that section 16 points to is shorter than a reader would expect. In the Bill as introduced, the text held in the Gokhale Institute's archive, the First Schedule converts length ("1 inch = 0·0254 metre (exact)", "1 foot = 0·3048 metre (exact)", "1 yard = 0·9144 metre (exact)", "1 mile = 1609·344 metres (exact)") and capacity ("1 imperial gallon = 4·54596 litres"). There is no square foot in it, no square yard, no square mile and no acre.
So the position after 1956 was this. Parliament had declared the square metre the primary unit of area, had forbidden any other standard, and had provided a statutory conversion rate for the mile, while providing none, on the face of the Schedule as introduced, for the square mile, in a country whose district gazetteers, forest settlements and mineral leases were written in square miles. The evidence here is the Bill, not the Act, and it is the one point on this page that rests on a Bill: the Act as passed was not reachable in a form that carried its Schedule. Nothing else in this section depends on it.
Section 1(3) shows what kind of operation this was meant to be. It let the Central Government bring the Act into force "on such date, not being later than ten years from the passing of this Act", and expressly permitted "different dates … for different provisions of this Act or for different areas or for different classes of undertakings or for different classes of goods." Parliament wrote in a decade of slack and the power to metricate one sector at a time.
The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976 (60 of 1976) replaced it. Section 85(1) is one sentence: "The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1956 (89 of 1956), is hereby repealed."
Two structural things changed, and they pull in opposite directions.
The unit of area disappeared from the body of the Act. The 1976 Act gives base units in sections 5 to 13, length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, luminous intensity, amount of substance, numeration. There is no successor to 1956's section 9. Area is not a base unit and the Act does not name it. It falls instead to section 12, "Supplementary, derived, special and other units", which empowers the Central Government to specify by rules "such supplementary, derived, or other units … as the General Conference on Weights and Measures or the International Organization of Legal Metrology may recommend", with the Explanation that "Derived unit means a unit which is derived from the base or supplementary units, or both." The square metre went from being declared in the Act to being derivable under it.
And the conversion clause stopped naming units while getting much stronger. Section 79 replaces section 16:
"(1) The value expressed in terms of any unit of weight or measure other than in terms of the standard units of weight or measure may be converted into the value expressed in terms of a standard unit of weight or measure at the rate specified in the Schedule.
(2) All references in any enactment or in any notification, rule or order made under any enactment, or in any contract, deed or other instruments, or the time being in force, to a value expressed in terms of any unit of weight, measure or numeration other than that of a standard unit of weight, measure or numeration shall be construed as references to that value expressed in terms of standard units … converted at the rates specified in the Schedule."
Sub-section (1) is permissive: may be converted. Sub-section (2) is not. It is a deeming provision, and it reaches into contracts and deeds. After the 1976 Act commenced, a square mile written in a lease did not merely have a metric equivalent: a reference to it was to be construed as a reference to that equivalent, at the Schedule's rate.
Which raises the obvious question: at what rate? And here, for the first and only time, the Schedule answers it.
THE SCHEDULE (See section 79)
(1) Length: 1 inch = 0.025 4 metre · 1 foot = 0.304 8 metre · 1 yard = 0.914 4 metre · 1 mile = 1 609.344 metres · 1 nautical mile (UK) = 1 853.18 metres · For Survey of India only 1 foot = 0.304 799 6 metre
(2) Area: 1 square inch = 0.000 645 16 square metre · 1 square foot = 0.092 903 04 square metre · 1 square yard = 0.836 127 36 square metre · 1 square mile = 2 589 988.110 336 square metres · For Survey of India only 1 square foot = 0.092 903 square metre · 1 acre = 4 046.856 1 square metres = 0.404 685 61 hectare
Thirteen significant figures, and every one of them right. 1,609.344² is 2,589,988.110336 and the Schedule prints it in full.
Five of this series' thirty-three units appear in that Area block, the square inch, the square foot, the square yard, the square mile and the acre. Four of the five are exact to the last digit: 0.0254² is 0.00064516, 0.3048² is 0.09290304, 0.9144² is 0.83612736, and 1,609.344² is 2,589,988.110336, all printed as the Schedule prints them. The fifth is the acre, and the acre is where this Schedule comes apart.
Note the shape of what happened. The 1956 Act named the mile in its operative section and gave it no square in its Schedule. The 1976 Act stopped naming the mile in its operative section, "any unit", and put the square mile in its Schedule. The unit got its statutory Indian value in the same Act that stopped saying its name.
The Legal Metrology Act, 2009 (1 of 2010) came into force on 1 April 2011, by notification S.O. 210(E) dated 31 January 2011. Section 57(1):
"The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976 (60 of 1976) and the Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Act, 1985 (54 of 1985), is hereby repealed."
What the 2009 Act contains: section 4, "Every unit of weight or measure shall be in accordance with the metric system based on the international system of units"; section 5, the seven SI base units; and section 11(1)(e), which forbids anyone to "express in relation to any transaction or protection, any quantity or dimension, otherwise than in accordance with the standard unit of weight, measure or numeration."
What it does not contain: any schedule of conversion rates, any equivalent of 1976's section 79(2), and the words "mile", "yard", "foot" or "acre" anywhere in its text.
The closest thing to a saving is section 12, which voids "any custom, usage, practice or method" that lets someone demand or receive a quantity "in excess of or less than, the quantity specified by weight, measure or number in the contract". That is a short-measure provision. It says nothing about what a legacy unit in an old instrument means.
The arithmetic is untouched. A square mile is 2,589,988.110336 square metres today for exactly the reason it was while the Schedule was in force: the international foot is 0.3048 metre by definition, and 5,280 × 0.3048, squared, is that number. No Parliament made that true and no Parliament unmade it.
What lapsed is the instruction. While the 1976 Act was in force there was a provision of central law that told a court, a registrar and a party to a deed that a non-metric figure in an existing instrument shall be construed as its metric conversion at a rate the same Act printed. Since 1 April 2011 there has been no such provision in the general metrology law. A court reading "32.81 square miles" in a 1951 boundary Act now converts it the way anyone else does, by arithmetic and by general principles of construction, and not by pointing at a schedule.
And section 11 still bites on new writing. Expressing a quantity or dimension in a transaction in square miles remains prohibited. So the 2009 Act imposes a prohibition on writing new square miles and provides no instruction on reading old ones. Whether the 1976 Act carried an equivalent prohibition is outside what this page checked.
(The commencement date of the 1976 Act itself was not established for this page. The sources consulted give section 1's power to appoint a date but no notification, so this page dates the change of law by the 2009 Act's commencement (1 April 2011, which is sourced), and not by the 1976 Act's, which is not.)
This page states the position under the general metrology statutes and does not advise on any particular instrument. A deed, a lease or a notification may be governed by its own construction clause, a state enactment or a definition inside the document, and reading those is a lawyer's job and not a converter's.
One square mile is 640 acres, 25,600 guntha, 5,120 kanal, 102,400 marla, 921,600 square karam, 20,480 katha and 64,000 cent, every one of them a whole number, none of them rounded. Those seven are the units of five different revenue traditions, the Punjab settlement system, the Deccan, Bihar, the south, and the acre that sits over all of them.
They have one number in common, and it is not a coincidence.
The number is the rod, also called the pole or the perch, of 16½ feet. Everything English about land is a count of rods:
16½ is 33/2, and 33 is 3 × 11. So an 11 enters the length system and an 11² enters the area system, and no amount of subdividing downstream removes either:
| In feet | Factorised | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 rod | 16.5 | 3 × 11 ÷ 2 |
| 1 chain = 4 rods | 66 | 2 × 3 × 11 |
| 1 mile = 320 rods | 5,280 | 2⁵ × 3 × 5 × 11 |
| 1 square rod | 272.25 | 3² × 11² ÷ 4 |
| 1 acre = 160 square rods | 43,560 | 2³ × 3² × 5 × 11² |
| 1 square mile = 102,400 square rods | 27,878,400 | 2¹⁰ × 3² × 5² × 11² |
The Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, recording a surveyor's chain, gives the object that made this workable: "in 1620 an English mathematician and astronomer named Edmund Gunter described a surveyor's chain" of "100 links, measuring 66 feet (22 yards or 4 poles) overall", and "ten square chains equal an acre, and eighty chains equal a mile." Britannica gives the same instrument as "exactly 22 yards (about 20 m) long", "divided into 100 links", and "invented by the English mathematician Edmund Gunter in the early 17th century".
Gunter did not invent the 11; the rod already had it. What he did was give surveyors a physical object four rods long and divided into a hundred parts, so that an area in square chains could be turned into acres by moving a decimal point. The chain is why the rod system survived into the era of large surveys. Including India's.
The standard karam of the Punjab settlement system is 66 inches, 5.5 feet, and that is exactly one third of a rod. Square it and nine square karam make one square rod. Nine square karam is also, by definition, one marla.
So a marla is a square rod. Not approximately: 16.5² is 272.25 square feet and a standard marla is 272.25 square feet, the same number. Twenty marla make a kanal, eight kanal make an acre, and 8 × 20 = 160, which is the count of square rods in an acre, arrived at from the Punjab side. This series records the English perch at the same 272.25 square feet, on the Perch page, which is why the two units share an area throughout. That the perch is by definition a square rod is a unit definition rather than something this page derives, and it is sourced where that unit is taken.
The guntha of the Deccan takes the same rod and cuts it differently. A guntha is 121 square yards (1,089 square feet), which is four square rods, and forty guntha make an acre because 40 × 4 = 160.
So the Punjab karam and the Deccan guntha are not two unrelated local customs that happen to sit under the acre. They are two different subdivisions of the same 16½-foot rod, one taking a third of its length and the other four of its squares. The eleven squared in the square mile and the eleven squared in the guntha are the same eleven squared, and that is why 27,878,400 divides by 1,089 and gives 25,600 with nothing left over.
The guntha's 1,089 square feet and the forty-to-the-acre rule are sourced separately, as are the karam belts. This page does not restate either. What it adds is the common ancestor.
Sort the thirty-two other units in this series by why they come out clean and they fall into three groups, not one. The test is a prime factorisation of each unit's size in square feet against the square mile's 2¹⁰ × 3² × 5² × 11².
Sixteen carry the eleven squared. These are the rod's descendants. Acre, killa, bigha, biswa, biswa kacha, katha, dhur, cent, decimal, dismil, guntha, marla, perch, kanal, square karam and murabba. Every one of them has an 11² in it, matching the square mile's own, and every one comes out as a whole number except the murabba, which is 25.6 because a murabba is 25 acres. This is the group the rod explains.
Ten have no eleven at all, and come out clean for a reason that has nothing to do with the rod. Square foot, square inch, square yard, gaj, gajam, ankanam, chatak, ground, lessa and pura are built only out of twos, threes and fives, and the square mile has 2¹⁰ × 3² × 5² to spend. A ground is 2,400 square feet = 2⁵ × 3 × 5², a chatak is 45 = 3² × 5, an ankanam is 72 = 2³ × 3². They divide because every prime they contain is one the square mile has enough of, not because anyone in Punjab or the Deccan ever held a rod. Calling these rod-descended would be wrong, and this page does not. (Being built of small primes is not on its own sufficient. The nali is 2⁴ × 3³ × 5 and fails, for the reason set out below.)
Five are metric, and terminate by a third mechanism. The hectare, are, square kilometre, square metre and square centimetre owe the rod nothing and the small primes nothing either. They come out clean because the international foot has been exactly 0.3048 metre since 1959, so a square mile in square metres is an exact decimal, 2,589,988.110336. These are not whole numbers; they are terminating decimals, which is a weaker property.
Sixteen plus ten plus five is thirty-one. Thirty-one of the thirty-two terminate (each is an exact fraction whose denominator has no prime factor except 2 and 5, so its decimal stops), and twenty-five of the thirty-two are whole numbers. One does neither: the nali, at 12,906.6666…
Take every regional definition the series records rather than one per unit, sixty-two of them, and fifty-two terminate. The ten that do not are these:
| Variant | Square miles' worth |
|---|---|
| Kanal, Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam) | 6,745.6241965973534971644612476370… |
| Kanal, Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam) | 7,648.3950617283950617283950617283… |
| Marla, Doaba belt | 134,912.4839319470699432892249527410… |
| Marla, Kapurthala belt | 152,967.9012345679012345679012345679… |
| Square karam, Doaba belt | 1,214,212.3553875236294896030245746… |
| Square karam, Kapurthala belt | 1,376,711.1111111111111111111111111… |
| Bigha, Haryana Ambala belt | 3,441.7777777777777777777777777777… |
| Katha, Bihar, Hajipur | 14,663.1952662721893491124260355029… |
| Katha, Bihar, Bettiah | 8,533.3333333333333333333333333333… |
| Nali | 12,906.6666666666666666666666666666… |
All ten fail for one reason: each carries a prime the square mile does not have enough of. 27,878,400 is 2¹⁰ × 3² × 5² × 11², so it can absorb any number of twos and fives, exactly two threes, exactly two elevens, and no other prime at all. Miss that budget and the decimal recurs.
| Variant | Its size in square feet | The prime that breaks it |
|---|---|---|
| Bigha, Ambala | 8,100 = 2² × 3⁴ × 5² | 3⁴, two threes too many |
| Katha, Bettiah | 3,267 = 3³ × 11² | 3³, one three too many |
| Nali | 2,160 = 2⁴ × 3³ × 5 | 3³, one three too many |
| Katha, Hajipur | 1,901.25 = (3² × 5 × 13²) ⁄ 4 | 13², a prime the square mile has none of |
| Square karam, Kapurthala | 20.25 = 3⁴ ⁄ 4 | 3⁴, two threes too many |
| Square karam, Doaba | (5² × 23²) ⁄ 576 | 23², a prime the square mile has none of |
The last two rows carry the other four variants with them: a marla is nine square karam and a kanal is twenty marla in every belt, so a belt whose square karam misses the budget takes its marla and its kanal out with it, and multiplying by nine makes the surplus worse, not better. The Kapurthala square karam's 3⁴ becomes 3⁶ in its marla and stays 3⁶ in its kanal; the Doaba 23² survives every step untouched. That is why six of the ten arrive as a block. They are not six separate failures; they are two, propagated through a family.
Which is also the cleanest available statement of what the karam belts are. They are not rounding differences and they are not approximations of the standard karam. A 57.5-inch or 54-inch karam is simply not a third of a rod, and the arithmetic notices. What those belts are and where they apply is set out with the kanal.
Two entries from the Area block of the Schedule, with one other entry and a heading between them:
1 square mile = 2 589 988.110 336 square metres
1 acre = 4 046.856 1 square metres = 0.404 685 61 hectare
The first is exactly right. 1,609.344 squared is 2,589,988.110336 and the Schedule prints every digit.
The second is not, and the check takes one multiplication. There are 640 acres in a square mile. That is the definition of an acre in the imperial system, not an approximation of it. So:
640 × 4,046.8561 = 2,589,987.904 square metres.
The Schedule's own square mile, two entries above, is 2,589,988.110336. The difference is 0.206336 square metres. Divided out, the Schedule's acre is 4,046.8561 where 1/640 of its square mile is 4,046.8564224, short by 0.0003224 square metres, which is 3.2 square centimetres, or 0.08 parts per million.
Almost nothing. No transaction ever turned on 0.08 parts per million, and three square centimetres is not an area anybody conveys. If you have arrived at this page to convert a figure, the number to use is 2,589,988.110336 square metres, and every derived figure on this page uses it.
It matters for a different reason. The Schedule's square mile is exact and its acre is not, which tells you something about the table's construction: it was assembled entry by entry from whatever authority each unit had, rather than derived from a small number of definitions and printed. A table derived from the foot cannot disagree with itself. This one can, and does.
There is a second oddity in the same line, which is easier to see once you know what the Survey of India entries are doing there.
The Schedule gives the Survey its own foot: "For Survey of India only, 1 foot = 0.304 799 6 metre". That is not a rounding of 0.3048. It is the Indian foot (1962), a real geodetic unit which the EPSG register still carries as unit code 9082 at exactly 0.304 799 6 m, with the note "Indian Foot = 0.99999566 British feet (A.R.Clarke 1865). British yard (3 feet) taken to be J.S. Clark's 1865 value of 0.9144025m", on the authority of G. Bomford's Geodesy, 2nd edition, 1962. The register carries an older sibling too, EPSG 9081, "Indian foot (1937)", 0.304 798 41 m, sourced to Bomford's The Re-adjustment of the Indian Triangulation, Survey of India Professional Paper 28, 1939.
Parliament, in other words, wrote a geodetic constant into a consumer-protection statute, because the Survey's triangulation of India had been computed in a foot that was 1.31 parts per million shorter than everyone else's and re-deriving a century of survey data was not on the table.
The Schedule then gives the Survey a square foot to match, "1 square foot = 0.092 903 square metre", and that line checks out: 0.304 799 6² is 0.092 902 796 160 16, which rounds at six decimals to 0.092 903 exactly as printed.
And then, still under the heading "For Survey of India only", it gives the acre as 4,046.8561 square metres. That is not the Survey's acre. The Survey's own foot makes 43,560 × 0.092 902 796 160 16 = 4,046.845 800 7… square metres, a figure computed here, not one the Schedule prints. The figure the Schedule does print is 0.0103 square metres above that and 0.0003224 below the international acre. It is a mis-rounded international acre sitting in the Survey's column.
There is one more absence worth noticing. The Schedule gives the Survey a foot and a square foot and stops. There is no Survey of India square mile. A reader who built one from the Survey's foot would get 2,589,981.312… square metres, again a figure computed here, about 73 square feet smaller than the square mile printed in the same table. The Schedule leaves that possibility open and does not resolve it.
The Gazette was not reached. India Code's endpoint for repealed central Acts returned a server error on every attempt during this research, so the printed Gazette text of the 1976 Schedule was not read directly. Three published transcriptions were compared instead, and they are not three independent ones. Two carry identical corruption in the Mass block ("1 hundred weight (UK) = 50 802 345 44 kilograms", "1 ton (UK) = 10 6.046 908 8 kilograms") and are probably a single upstream source. The third is clean at exactly those points ("50.802 345 44", "1 016.046 908 8") and is independent of them. All three agree, digit for digit, on the Area block, including the acre. Two transcriptions with different error profiles agreeing on a digit string is evidence that the digit string is the Act's. It is not proof.
Whether the discrepancy originates with Parliament or with a printer is unknown, and this page does not guess. What can be said is that it is in all three of the transcriptions consulted.
The Second Schedule to the Visva-Bharati Act, 1951, headed "The Territorial Limits of the University", defines the extent of Rabindranath Tagore's university at Santiniketan. As it stands today it reads:
"The area known as Santiniketan in the District of Birbhum in West Bengal admeasuring [3000 hectares] …"
and carries this footnote:
"Substituted for figures and words '11-5 square miles' by the Visva-Bharati (Amendment) Act, 1984 (31 of 1984), Section 26 (8-8-1984)."
("11-5" is the older Indian statutory setting of 11·5, with a hyphen where a modern printer would put a decimal point.)
Do the conversion the Act itself provided for. In 1984 the 1976 Schedule was in force, so the rate was the statutory one:
11.5 × 258.9988110336 = 2,978.4863268864 hectares.
Parliament wrote 3,000.
The difference is 21.5136731136 hectares, about 53.16 acres, an increase of 0.722%. On 8 August 1984, with no survey, no boundary moved and not a word of the description altered, the figure Parliament recites for the university's territorial limits went up by roughly 53 acres. What that does to the limits themselves depends on whether the Schedule's operative words are the named and bounded area or the admeasurement, and this page does not decide that question.
Somebody converted 11.5 square miles, got a shade under 2,979 hectares, and wrote down a round number, which is what almost everybody does. It is worth looking at squarely because it is the mistake this entire series exists to prevent, committed in an Act of Parliament and preserved in the statute book for forty-two years:
Converting a unit and rounding a number are two different operations, and they can be performed in a single substitution without anyone noticing that the second one happened.
It also shows that how coarsely you round is a decision, not a detail. 2,978.4863… goes to 3,000 at the nearest hundred or thousand, to 2,980 at the nearest ten, and to 2,978 at the nearest hectare. Choosing the coarsest of those settled 21.5 hectares, and no reader of the current Act can see that a choice was made at all.
A search of the Acts, rules and regulations indexed on Indian Kanoon for the square mile returns 31 documents. Fourteen distinct instruments were read off the first three result pages. The rest were not examined, so what follows is a description of those fourteen and not of all thirty-one:
The Petroleum Concession Rules 1949 · Assam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1951 · the Bihar Chaukidari Manual · Assam Land Revenue Re-Assessment Act 1936 · Maharashtra Electricity (Supply) Rules 1963 · Rules Having the Force of Law and Executive Orders Relating to Forests · Bombay Minor Mineral Extraction Rules 1955 · Revenue Standing Orders Relating to Forest Settlement · Police Regulations, Bengal, 1943 · Hirakud Reservoir Fishing Licence Rules 1961 · Civil Court Rules of the High Court of Judicature at Patna · the Standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976 · the Visva-Bharati Act 1951 · the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1968.
Mineral and petroleum concessions, forest settlement, police jurisdiction, fishing licences, and boundary alteration. Not one record of rights among them: no khatauni, no patta, no jamabandi. On this evidence the square mile is the unit of a grant or a territory, the size of a thing the state hands out or hands over, rather than of a thing a family owns. Fourteen instruments are not the whole statute book, and the claim is bounded accordingly.
Three examples of what that looks like on the page.
Petroleum Concession Rules, 1949. Rule 21 sets "an exploring fee of Re. 1 per square mile of land covered by the licence for each year". Rule 54 sets a sliding scale of charges: "…acre for the first 10 square miles; Rs. 3 per acre for the next 40 square miles; Rs. 5 per acre for the next … square miles; Rs. 10 per acre for area exceeding the first 100 square miles." (The quotation starts mid-sentence because the indexed text does; the opening rate is cut off.) The rate is in rupees per acre and the bands are in square miles, one instrument, two units, 640 apart, and the drafter expected the reader to hold both.
Assam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1951, recording the transfer to the Government of Bhutan of "a strip of territory measuring 32.81 square miles known as Dewangiri on the border of Kamrup district in the State of Assam", described elsewhere in the same provision as "about 32 square miles of territory in the Dewangiri Hill block".
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1968, moving "about 45 square miles from Uttar Pradesh to Bihar and about 64 square miles from Bihar to Uttar Pradesh".
Counted in the Supreme Court corpus on Indian Kanoon on 10 September 2026, against the units it competes with:
| Term, Supreme Court judgments | Documents |
|---|---|
| acre / acres | 2,933 |
| hectares | 614 |
| square mile / square miles | 24 |
| square kilometre | 7 |
Twenty-four judgments, the earliest from 1953 and the latest from 2022. By comparison the acre appears in 2,933, 122 times as many. The square mile is not a live unit of Indian litigation; it is a rare one.
Their dates say more than their number. Fifteen of the twenty-four were decided before the 1976 Act was passed, the most recent of those in 1974; the remaining nine are dated 1977 and after. Four of the nine were read: Union of India v Sukumar Sengupta (1990), Bikaner Gypsums v Commissioner of Income Tax (1990), State of Andhra Pradesh v State of Maharashtra (2013) and State of Orissa v Mesco Steels (2013), all boundary or old-grant matters, in which the square mile arrives inside a quotation from an older instrument rather than as anything the court is measuring. Bikaner Gypsums is a tax appeal about a mining lease "over an area of 4.27 square miles" granted decades earlier. The other five of the nine were not read, and nothing is claimed about them. From the earlier group, one example of what the unit looks like when it is doing work: Biswambhar Singh v State of Orissa (1953), describing an estate of "about 360 square miles out of which 145 square miles are covered by forests".
What that measurement does not show, stated because the number is easy to over-read: it counts documents, not mentions; the date is the judgment's, not the instrument's; and a judgment enters the count if a square mile appears anywhere in it, including in a recital of facts. The claim it supports is that the unit persists in Indian judgments as quoted history. It is not a claim that anyone is measuring in it.
And a property of the tool that has to be disclosed. Indian Kanoon lemmatises quoted phrases rather than matching them literally: "square miles" and "square mile" both return 24, and acre and acres both return 2,933. Every count above is a count of documents containing the lemma. Before any of them was used, a nonsense term was run through the same filter and returned no results, and the unfiltered count (270) was checked to differ from the filtered one (24), so the filter is being applied and the numbers are real.
There is one place the square mile was not a legal unit at all but a geometric one, and it is worth setting beside the rest.
The Survey of India's topographical series ran at one inch to one mile, a scale of 1:63,360. The National Library of Scotland holds the one-inch, half-inch and quarter-inch to the mile Survey of India sheets covering 1870 to 1966, before the metric 1:50,000 series replaced them, with individual sheets covering fifteen minutes of latitude by fifteen of longitude.
A mile is 63,360 inches. So at 1:63,360, one square inch of paper is one square mile of ground, exactly, not approximately, and not as a rule of thumb. An officer with a sheet and a squared overlay could read area off in square miles by counting squares. Whether that is why the forest blocks, estates and district figures of the period are in square miles is not something this page can show; what it can show is that the arithmetic was free and every other unit cost a calculation.
The 1976 Schedule prints both units in the same Area block, three entries apart, without connecting them: the square inch at 0.000 645 16 square metres and the square mile at 2,589,988.110336. Divide the second by the first and the answer is 4,014,489,600, which is 63,360 squared. The scale of the map series is sitting inside the statutory conversion table, and the table never mentions a map.
Acres = Square miles × 640 · reverse Square miles = Acres ÷ 640
| One square mile is | Value | Terminates? |
|---|---|---|
| Acres | 640 | yes |
| Square feet | 27,878,400 | yes |
| Square yards | 3,097,600 | yes |
| Hectares | 258.9988110336 | yes |
| Square kilometres | 2.589988110336 | yes |
| Square metres | 2,589,988.110336 | yes |
The acre relation is the one to use, and it is a definition rather than a conversion. An acre is ten square chains and a square mile is 6,400 square chains, so 640 is not a measured ratio that happens to be round. It is how the two units were built. The acre's own definition, and the state-by-state ladder that hangs off it, are set out separately.
Every metric relation here terminates. The international foot has been exactly 0.3048 metre since 1959, so a mile is exactly 1,609.344 metres, so a square mile is exactly 1,609.344² square metres, a decimal that stops. Going the other way it does not: a square metre is 0.000 000 386 102 158 542 4… square miles, endless, for a reason worked out in full with the metre and not repeated here.
The hectare figure is the one people mis-copy. 258.9988110336 is close enough to 259 that 259 gets written down, and for a district figure that is harmless. For 100 square miles it is 0.119 hectares of drift, and for 1,000 it is 1.19 hectares, about three acres, introduced by nothing but a habit.
Below the acre, the square mile keeps dividing exactly, which is the reverse of what happens on most pages in this series. 25,600 guntha. 5,120 kanal. 102,400 marla. 921,600 square karam. 64,000 cent, and 64,000 decimal. All whole, none rounded.
The reason is set out above, and it is not one reason. The guntha, kanal and marla are counts of the 16½-foot rod, as the mile is. The cent, decimal and dismil are not, 435.6 square feet is 2 × 3² × 11² ⁄ 5, but they carry the rod's eleven squared and so still divide. And the square karam is a ninth of a square rod rather than a count of one, which is just as good arithmetically. What all of them have in common is a prime budget the square mile can pay; the nali is the one that cannot, at 12,906.6666… recurring, because a nali of 2,160 square feet carries a 3³ where the square mile carries 3². (The metric units on this page terminate too, for the unrelated reason given above, and they are not whole numbers.)
Any figure on this page carrying an ellipsis is truncated at the cut, never rounded up into it, so a digit printed here is a digit that is actually there. That covers both the recurring figures and the few exact ones too long to print in full.
Using 2.59 square kilometres. The exact value is 2.589988110336, and the shortcut is high by 0.000011889664 km², 11.89 square metres per square mile. Over a 500-square-mile forest division that is 5,944.8 square metres (0.594 hectares, nearly an acre and a half) produced entirely by a rounding nobody recorded.
Assuming a square mile in an old Indian document is an international square mile. While the 1976 Act was in force the statutory Indian rate was 2,589,988.110336 square metres, which is the international value, but the same Schedule gave the Survey of India its own foot, 1.31 ppm shorter, and gave it no square mile at all. For an ordinary lease or notification the international value is right. For a figure that came off a Survey of India computation in Indian feet, the question of which foot was used is a real one and this page cannot answer it for your document.
Treating a metricated statutory figure as a conversion. The Visva-Bharati Act's 3,000 hectares is not 11.5 square miles converted; it is 11.5 square miles converted and then rounded up by 21.5 hectares. When a statute or notification gives you a metric figure that used to be imperial, convert the original yourself before you rely on the difference between the two.
How many acres in a square mile? Exactly 640. It is a definition rather than a measurement: an acre is 160 square rods, a square mile is 102,400 square rods, and 102,400 ÷ 160 is 640.
How many square feet in a square mile? 27,878,400, exactly. A mile is 5,280 feet and 5,280² is 27,878,400.
How many square kilometres in a square mile? 2.589988110336, exactly and terminating, because the international foot has been 0.3048 metre by definition since 1959. The reverse recurs: 0.3861021585424… square miles to the square kilometre.
Is 2.59 close enough? For a district or forest figure, usually. It is high by 11.89 square metres per square mile, so it drifts about a hectare and a half over 500 square miles. Use the exact value in any chain of conversions.
Is the square mile legal in India? Not in a transaction. Section 11(1)(e) of the Legal Metrology Act 2009 forbids expressing "in relation to any transaction or protection, any quantity or dimension" otherwise than in standard units, so a sale deed, an invoice or a price quotation cannot use it. The prohibition is worded around transactions and this page does not extend it further. What lapsed in 2011 was something different, the provision in the repealed 1976 Act that told you what a square mile in an existing deed was to be construed as.
Did an Indian Act ever state the value of a square mile? Yes, once. The Schedule to the Standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976 gave "1 square mile = 2 589 988.110 336 square metres", and section 79(2) provided that references to non-standard units in enactments, contracts and deeds "shall be construed as" their metric equivalents at those rates. The Legal Metrology Act 2009 repealed that Act with effect from 1 April 2011 and enacted no replacement schedule.
Is the 1976 Schedule's acre figure wrong? It does not reconcile with the square mile printed two entries above it. 640 × 4,046.8561 = 2,589,987.904, where the Schedule's own square mile is 2,589,988.110336, a shortfall of 0.206 square metres, 0.08 parts per million. Whether the discrepancy is in the Act or in the transcriptions of it could not be established, because India Code's repealed-Act endpoint was unreachable throughout this research. All three published transcriptions consulted agree on the digits, though two of them appear to share an upstream source.
Why does a square mile come out whole in so many Indian units? For more than one reason, and they are usually run together. Sixteen of the thirty-two units share an ancestor with the mile: the surveyor's rod of 16½ feet. A mile is 320 rods and an acre 160 square rods, so 27,878,400 square feet factorises as 2¹⁰ × 3² × 5² × 11², and the same 11² sits in the acre's 43,560, the guntha's 1,089 and the marla's 272.25. A standard marla is a square rod, to the digit, and a standard karam is a third of a rod. Ten more (the ground, chatak, ankanam, lessa, pura, gaj, gajam, square foot, square inch and square yard) carry no eleven anywhere and divide simply because every prime in them is one the square mile has to spare. Five are metric and terminate for a third reason entirely. Attributing all thirty-one to the rod would be wrong.
Which units do not terminate? Ten of the sixty-two regional definitions this series records. The nali has only one definition, so it is both one of those ten and the single unit that fails at its standard value. It is not an eleventh case. All ten fail the same way: 27,878,400 is 2¹⁰ × 3² × 5² × 11², so it absorbs any number of twos and fives, exactly two threes, exactly two elevens and no other prime, and each of the ten carries something outside that budget. Six of them are the Doaba and Kapurthala square karam, marla and kanal, really two failures propagated through a family, because a marla is nine square karam and a kanal is twenty marla. Every one of the ten is listed with its figure and its offending prime in the section on the rod.
How many square miles is one hectare? 0.003 861 021 585 424…, recurring. A hectare is 0.386% of a square mile.
How big is a square mile compared with a bigha? 1,024 standard bighas of 27,225 square feet. The bigha has no single national value, so that figure is one definition among several; and the range is set out with the bigha.
Statutes. Every statutory quotation on this page was taken from a text of the instrument itself rather than from a description of it, with two limits stated in the bullets below and in the body: the 1956 First Schedule is quoted from the Bill as introduced, and the 1976 Schedule from published transcriptions rather than the Gazette.
Metrology. The Indian foot's identity as EPSG unit 9082 and the accompanying Clarke and Bomford citations are from the EPSG geodetic parameter register.
History of the chain. Edmund Gunter's chain (its 1620 date, 100 links, 66 feet, four poles, and the ten-square-chains-to-the-acre and eighty-chains-to-the-mile relations) is from the Smithsonian National Museum of American History's catalogue record for a surveyor's chain, corroborated against Britannica's entry on the surveyor's chain. The rod arithmetic built on those facts is this page's own, not either source's: that a rod is 16½ feet, that a mile is 320 rods and an acre 160 square rods, that a square rod is 272.25 square feet and therefore identical to a standard marla, and that a 66-inch karam is a third of a rod. The perch is a separate matter and not arithmetic at all. That an English perch is an area of one square rod is a unit definition, taken from this series' Perch page and its sourcing rather than derived here. Nothing about Gunter's motives is claimed; neither source states any.
Maps. The Survey of India one-inch, half-inch and quarter-inch to the mile series and its 1870–1966 span are from the National Library of Scotland's Survey of India collection description; the 15′ × 15′ sheet extent and the 1:50,000 successor are from the published Survey of India sheet-index documentation.
Corpus measurement, and what it can and cannot say. Counts were taken on Indian Kanoon on 10 September 2026. Two controls ran first: nonsense terms under the same filter returned no results, and the unfiltered count for the square mile (270) differed from the Supreme Court count (24), confirming the filter applies. Indian Kanoon lemmatises quoted phrases, so the counts are of documents containing the lemma rather than the literal string, and this is disclosed wherever a count appears. The counts measure documents, not mentions.
Arithmetic. Three definitions are stored and everything else is derived from them: the metre, the foot at 0.3048 metre exactly, and the acre at 43,560 square feet. Every figure is held as a ratio of whole numbers and converted to a decimal only when printed. A figure carrying an ellipsis is truncated at the cut, never rounded up into it, so a printed digit is a digit that is actually there. A figure given to a stated number of places without an ellipsis is rounded in the ordinary way. The termination counts (31 of 32 units, 52 of 62 variants) were computed by testing whether each exact ratio's denominator has any prime factor other than 2 or 5, and the conversion core below was re-derived by a second script that did not write it.
Derived rather than quoted, and marked as such where it appears: the three-group split of the thirty-two units and every count in it, which is a prime factorisation of this series' registry and appears in no source; the 0.206336 m² shortfall between the Schedule's acre and its own square mile; the 4,046.845 800 7… m² Survey-of-India acre; the 2,589,981.312… m² Survey-of-India square mile, which no source states and which is offered only to show what the Schedule leaves open; the 21.513 673 1136 hectare gap in the Visva-Bharati substitution; the 4,014,489,600 ratio between the Schedule's square mile and square inch; and every figure in the rod table, which is arithmetic on the two published facts about the chain.
Searched for and not found, and asserted nowhere. The Gazette text of the 1976 Schedule, India Code's repealed-Act endpoint having returned a server error throughout · the commencement date of the 1976 Act, for which no notification was reachable, so this page dates the change of law by the 2009 Act's commencement and not by the 1976 Act's · the pre-1959 Imperial yard, which would fix the size of the change the 1959 international yard agreement made to the square mile, and for which no authority this series accepts was reachable, so no figure for that change is given · when the Census of India stopped reporting areas in square miles · whether any Indian record of rights was ever written in square miles, for which no instance was found and none is claimed either way.
On the sibling pages. The Acre page owns the acre's definition and the state ladder; the Guntha page owns the guntha's 1,089 square feet and the forty-to-the-acre rule; the Square Karam page and the Kanal page own the karam belts; the Square Metre page owns the exactness argument about 0.3048 and its reciprocal; the Square Kilometer page owns India's aggregate land statistics. All are cited here and none is restated.
| Conversion | 1 Square Mile | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Acre | 640 | Exact; Exact by definition: 43,560 sq ft = 4,840 sq yd |
| Ankanam | 387,200 (Standard) | Region-specific; also 774,400 (Tirupati) |
| Ares | 25,899.88110336 | Exact; 100 m², the metric are |
| Bigha | 1,024 (UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca) | Region-specific; also 3,072 (UP kachha (6⅔ biswa)) · 4,096 (UP kachha (5 biswa) / Uttarakhand hills) · 1,600 (Rajasthan kachha / Gujarat vigha / Uttarakhand Terai) |
| Biswa | 20,480 (UP / Rajasthan pucca) | Region-specific; also 32,000 (Rajasthan kachha) · 61,440 (Punjab / Haryana old records) · 64,000 (Himachal Pradesh) |
| Biswa Kacha | 61,440 (Punjab / Haryana revenue definition) | Region-specific; also 32,000 (Rajasthan kachha reading) |
| Cent | 64,000 | Exact; One hundredth of an acre, exactly |
| Chatak | 619,520 | Exact; 5 sq yd exactly; 16 to the cottah, 968 to the acre. Reported, not stated by any instrument located |
| Decimal | 64,000 | Exact; One hundredth of an acre, exactly |
| Dhur | 409,600 (Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain)) | Region-specific; also 7,744,000 (Tripura) |
| Dismil | 64,000 | Exact; The decimal under another name |
| Gaj | 3,097,600 | Exact; The square yard, 9 sq ft |
| Gajam | 3,097,600 | Exact; The square yard in Telugu, 9 sq ft |
| Ground | 11,616 | Exact; Tamil Nadu Urban Land Tax Act 1966, s.2(8-A): "an area comprising two hundred and twenty three square metres (two thousand and four hundred square feet)" |
| Guntha | 25,600 | Exact; 121 sq yd; 40 guntha = 1 acre exactly |
| Hectare | 258.9988110336 | Exact; 10,000 m² exactly |
| Kanal | 5,120 (Standard (66-inch karam)) | Region-specific; also 6,195.2 (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) · 6,745.624197 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) · 7,648.395062 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam)) |
| Katha | 20,480 (Bihar state standard) | Region-specific; also 38,720 (West Bengal / Jharkhand) · 9,680 (Assam) · 16,000 (Bihar (Chhapra)) |
| Killa | 640 | Exact; The acre under its Punjabi name |
| Lessa | 193,600 | Exact; The 12-foot mauzadari jar squared (Assam Land Records Manual r.117); 20 to a katha, 100 to a bigha |
| Marla | 102,400 (Standard (66-inch karam)) | Region-specific; also 123,904 (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) · 134,912.483932 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) · 152,967.901235 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam)) |
| Murabba | 25.6 (Punjab canal colony) | Region-specific; also 40.96 (Rajasthan (Indira Gandhi Canal)) |
| Nali | 12,906.666667 | Recurring; 240 sq yd; 16 mutthi of 135 sq ft. No instrument located states the figure |
| Perch | 102,400 | Exact; 30.25 sq yd; 160 perches = 1 acre |
| Pura | 484 | Exact; 4 Assam bigha of 14,400 sq ft. The 4:1 ratio is SOURCED -- the Supreme Court states it in 1961 and 1971 and the Gauhati High Court in 1986, 2023, 2024 and 2026 -- but no instrument, judgment or manual states the square-foot figure, which is derived from the Assam bigha |
| Square Centimeter | 25,899,881,103.36 | Exact; One ten-thousandth of a square metre |
| Square Feet | 27,878,400 | Exact; The base of this series |
| Square Inch | 4,014,489,600 | Exact; One 144th of a square foot |
| Square Karam | 921,600 (Standard (66-inch karam)) | Region-specific; also 1,115,136 (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) · 1,214,212.355388 (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) · 1,376,711.111111 (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam)) |
| Square Kilometer | 2.589988110336 | Exact; 1,000,000 m² |
| Square Meter | 2,589,988.110336 | Exact; The SI unit of area |
| Square Yard | 3,097,600 | Exact; 9 sq ft exactly |
1 square mile = 640 acres, exact. An acre is exact by definition: 43,560 sq ft = 4,840 sq yd.
640 acres to the square mile, exactly. This is the survey township arithmetic the acre itself comes from, a mile square divided into 640 parts.
Where the acre fits into the square mile's own record is set out in Square Mile to Acre, Hectare and Square Kilometre above; what follows is the arithmetic.
Acre = Square Mile × 640
| Square Mile | Acre |
|---|---|
| 1 | 640 |
| 2 | 1,280 |
| 3 | 1,920 |
| 5 | 3,200 |
| 10 | 6,400 |
| 20 | 12,800 |
| 50 | 32,000 |
| 100 | 64,000 |
| 200 | 128,000 |
| 500 | 320,000 |
| 1,000 | 640,000 |
5 square miles × 640 = 3,200 acres
Square Mile = Acre × 0.0015625
1 square mile = 25,899.88110336 ares, exact. An are is 100 m², the metric are.
The ratio is the fraction 10,117,141,056/390,625, or 25,899.88110336 exactly.
Ares = Square Mile × 25,899.88110336
| Square Mile | Ares |
|---|---|
| 1 | 25,899.88110336 |
| 2 | 51,799.76220672 |
| 3 | 77,699.64331008 |
| 5 | 129,499.4055168 |
| 10 | 258,998.8110336 |
| 20 | 517,997.6220672 |
| 50 | 1,294,994.055168 |
| 100 | 2,589,988.110336 |
| 200 | 5,179,976.220672 |
| 500 | 12,949,940.55168 |
| 1,000 | 25,899,881.10336 |
5 square miles × 25,899.88110336 = 129,499.4055168 ares
Square Mile = Ares ÷ 25,899.88110336
1 square mile = 258.9988110336 hectares, exact. A hectare is 10,000 m² exactly.
Where the hectare fits into the square mile's own record is set out in Square Mile to Acre, Hectare and Square Kilometre above; what follows is the arithmetic.
The ratio is the fraction 2,529,285,264/9,765,625, or 258.9988110336 exactly.
Hectare = Square Mile × 258.9988110336
| Square Mile | Hectare |
|---|---|
| 1 | 258.9988110336 |
| 2 | 517.9976220672 |
| 3 | 776.9964331008 |
| 5 | 1,294.994055168 |
| 10 | 2,589.988110336 |
| 20 | 5,179.976220672 |
| 50 | 12,949.94055168 |
| 100 | 25,899.88110336 |
| 200 | 51,799.76220672 |
| 500 | 129,499.4055168 |
| 1,000 | 258,998.8110336 |
5 square miles × 258.9988110336 = 1,294.994055168 hectares
Square Mile = Hectare ÷ 258.9988110336
1 square mile = 25,899,881,103.36 square centimetres, exact. A square centimetre is one ten-thousandth of a square metre.
The ratio is the fraction 647,497,027,584/25, or 25,899,881,103.36 exactly.
Square Centimeter = Square Mile × 25,899,881,103.36
| Square Mile | Square Centimeter |
|---|---|
| 1 | 25,899,881,103.36 |
| 2 | 51,799,762,206.72 |
| 3 | 77,699,643,310.08 |
| 5 | 129,499,405,516.8 |
| 10 | 258,998,811,033.6 |
| 20 | 517,997,622,067.2 |
| 50 | 1,294,994,055,168 |
| 100 | 2,589,988,110,336 |
| 200 | 5,179,976,220,672 |
| 500 | 12,949,940,551,680 |
| 1,000 | 25,899,881,103,360 |
5 square miles × 25,899,881,103.36 = 129,499,405,516.8 square centimetres
Square Mile = Square Centimeter ÷ 25,899,881,103.36
1 square mile = 27,878,400 square feet, exact. A square foot is the base of this series.
A square mile is 27,878,400 square feet, 640 acres, exactly. Both the acre and the square mile come from the same survey arithmetic, which is why the relationship between them is a whole number and the relationship to metric units is not.
Square Feet = Square Mile × 27,878,400
| Square Mile | Square Feet |
|---|---|
| 1 | 27,878,400 |
| 2 | 55,756,800 |
| 3 | 83,635,200 |
| 5 | 139,392,000 |
| 10 | 278,784,000 |
| 20 | 557,568,000 |
| 50 | 1,393,920,000 |
| 100 | 2,787,840,000 |
| 200 | 5,575,680,000 |
| 500 | 13,939,200,000 |
| 1,000 | 27,878,400,000 |
5 square miles × 27,878,400 = 139,392,000 square feet
Square Mile = Square Feet ÷ 27,878,400
1 square mile = 4,014,489,600 square inches, exact. A square inch is one 144th of a square foot.
Square Inch = Square Mile × 4,014,489,600
| Square Mile | Square Inch |
|---|---|
| 1 | 4,014,489,600 |
| 2 | 8,028,979,200 |
| 3 | 12,043,468,800 |
| 5 | 20,072,448,000 |
| 10 | 40,144,896,000 |
| 20 | 80,289,792,000 |
| 50 | 200,724,480,000 |
| 100 | 401,448,960,000 |
| 200 | 802,897,920,000 |
| 500 | 2,007,244,800,000 |
| 1,000 | 4,014,489,600,000 |
5 square miles × 4,014,489,600 = 20,072,448,000 square inches
Square Mile = Square Inch ÷ 4,014,489,600
1 square mile = 2.589988110336 square kilometres, exact. A square kilometre is 1,000,000 m².
The ratio is the fraction 632,321,316/244,140,625, or 2.589988110336 exactly.
Square Kilometer = Square Mile × 2.589988110336
| Square Mile | Square Kilometer |
|---|---|
| 1 | 2.589988110336 |
| 2 | 5.179976220672 |
| 3 | 7.769964331008 |
| 5 | 12.94994055168 |
| 10 | 25.89988110336 |
| 20 | 51.79976220672 |
| 50 | 129.4994055168 |
| 100 | 258.9988110336 |
| 200 | 517.9976220672 |
| 500 | 1,294.994055168 |
| 1,000 | 2,589.988110336 |
5 square miles × 2.589988110336 = 12.94994055168 square kilometres
Square Mile = Square Kilometer ÷ 2.589988110336
1 square mile = 2,589,988.110336 square metres, exact. A square metre is the SI unit of area.
The ratio is the fraction 40,468,564,224/15,625, or 2,589,988.110336 exactly.
Square Meter = Square Mile × 2,589,988.110336
| Square Mile | Square Meter |
|---|---|
| 1 | 2,589,988.110336 |
| 2 | 5,179,976.220672 |
| 3 | 7,769,964.331008 |
| 5 | 12,949,940.55168 |
| 10 | 25,899,881.10336 |
| 20 | 51,799,762.20672 |
| 50 | 129,499,405.5168 |
| 100 | 258,998,811.0336 |
| 200 | 517,997,622.0672 |
| 500 | 1,294,994,055.168 |
| 1,000 | 2,589,988,110.336 |
5 square miles × 2,589,988.110336 = 12,949,940.55168 square metres
Square Mile = Square Meter ÷ 2,589,988.110336
Exactness of the method is not exactness of the result: where a ratio does not terminate, the table says so and the formula gives the fraction.
1 square mile = 387,200 ankanam on the Standard definition; 774,400 on the Tirupati definition. Ankanam = Square Mile × 387,200 (Standard) · reverse Square Mile = Ankanam ÷ 387,200
| Square Mile | Ankanam (Standard) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 387,200 |
| 2 | 774,400 |
| 3 | 1,161,600 |
| 5 | 1,936,000 |
| 10 | 3,872,000 |
| 20 | 7,744,000 |
| 50 | 19,360,000 |
| 100 | 38,720,000 |
| 200 | 77,440,000 |
| 500 | 193,600,000 |
| 1,000 | 387,200,000 |
Ankanam, Tirupati (36 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Ankanam (Tirupati) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 774,400 |
| 2 | 1,548,800 |
| 3 | 2,323,200 |
| 5 | 3,872,000 |
| 10 | 7,744,000 |
| 20 | 15,488,000 |
| 50 | 38,720,000 |
| 100 | 77,440,000 |
| 200 | 154,880,000 |
| 500 | 387,200,000 |
| 1,000 | 774,400,000 |
1 square mile = 1,024 bigha on the UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca definition; 3,072 on the UP kachha (6⅔ biswa) definition · 4,096 on the UP kachha (5 biswa) / Uttarakhand hills definition · 1,600 on the Rajasthan kachha / Gujarat vigha / Uttarakhand Terai definition · 2,323.2 on the Madhya Pradesh definition · 1,936 on the West Bengal / Assam / Jharkhand definition · 3,200 on the Himachal Pradesh / Haryana Rohtak belt definition · 1,280 on the Punjab / west Haryana definition · 3,441.777778 on the Haryana Ambala belt definition. Bigha = Square Mile × 1,024 (UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca) · reverse Square Mile = Bigha × 0.0009765625
| Square Mile | Bigha (UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1,024 |
| 2 | 2,048 |
| 3 | 3,072 |
| 5 | 5,120 |
| 10 | 10,240 |
| 20 | 20,480 |
| 50 | 51,200 |
| 100 | 102,400 |
| 200 | 204,800 |
| 500 | 512,000 |
| 1,000 | 1,024,000 |
Every definition as a factor. Multiply square mile by the figure shown.
| Bigha definition | Where | Bigha per square mile |
|---|---|---|
| UP pucca / Bihar / Rajasthan pucca (the definition used here) | Purvanchal, Awadh, Patna belt, east Rajasthan | 1,024 |
| UP kachha (6⅔ biswa) | West Uttar Pradesh | 3,072 |
| UP kachha (5 biswa) / Uttarakhand hills | West UP, Kumaon and Garhwal hills | 4,096 |
| Rajasthan kachha / Gujarat vigha / Uttarakhand Terai | Marwar, Gujarat, Terai | 1,600 |
| Madhya Pradesh; reported, not sourced | Madhya Pradesh | 2,323.2 |
| West Bengal / Assam / Jharkhand | West Bengal, Assam, Ranchi | 1,936 |
| Himachal Pradesh / Haryana Rohtak belt | Himachal Pradesh, Rohtak, Hisar | 3,200 |
| Punjab / west Haryana | Punjab, kanal belt of Haryana | 1,280 |
| Haryana Ambala belt | Ambala, Gurugram, Faridabad, Karnal, Panipat | 3,441.777778 |
1 square mile = 20,480 biswa on the UP / Rajasthan pucca definition; 32,000 on the Rajasthan kachha definition · 61,440 on the Punjab / Haryana old records definition · 64,000 on the Himachal Pradesh definition. Biswa = Square Mile × 20,480 (UP / Rajasthan pucca) · reverse Square Mile = Biswa × 0.000048828125
| Square Mile | Biswa (UP / Rajasthan pucca) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 20,480 |
| 2 | 40,960 |
| 3 | 61,440 |
| 5 | 102,400 |
| 10 | 204,800 |
| 20 | 409,600 |
| 50 | 1,024,000 |
| 100 | 2,048,000 |
| 200 | 4,096,000 |
| 500 | 10,240,000 |
| 1,000 | 20,480,000 |
Biswa, Rajasthan kachha (871.2 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Biswa (Rajasthan kachha) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 32,000 |
| 2 | 64,000 |
| 3 | 96,000 |
| 5 | 160,000 |
| 10 | 320,000 |
| 20 | 640,000 |
| 50 | 1,600,000 |
| 100 | 3,200,000 |
| 200 | 6,400,000 |
| 500 | 16,000,000 |
| 1,000 | 32,000,000 |
Biswa, Punjab / Haryana old records (453.75 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Biswa (Punjab / Haryana old records) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 61,440 |
| 2 | 122,880 |
| 3 | 184,320 |
| 5 | 307,200 |
| 10 | 614,400 |
| 20 | 1,228,800 |
| 50 | 3,072,000 |
| 100 | 6,144,000 |
| 200 | 12,288,000 |
| 500 | 30,720,000 |
| 1,000 | 61,440,000 |
Biswa, Himachal Pradesh (435.6 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Biswa (Himachal Pradesh) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 64,000 |
| 2 | 128,000 |
| 3 | 192,000 |
| 5 | 320,000 |
| 10 | 640,000 |
| 20 | 1,280,000 |
| 50 | 3,200,000 |
| 100 | 6,400,000 |
| 200 | 12,800,000 |
| 500 | 32,000,000 |
| 1,000 | 64,000,000 |
1 square mile = 61,440 biswa kacha on the Punjab / Haryana revenue definition; 32,000 on the Rajasthan kachha reading definition. Biswa Kacha = Square Mile × 61,440 (Punjab / Haryana revenue) · reverse Square Mile = Biswa Kacha ÷ 61,440
453.75 square feet either way, so the Square Mile to Biswa, Punjab / Haryana old records figures apply unchanged. What differs between the two is the record each word belongs to, not the size.
Biswa Kacha, Rajasthan kachha reading (871.2 sq ft):
871.2 square feet either way, so the Square Mile to Biswa, Rajasthan kachha figures apply unchanged. What differs between the two is the record each word belongs to, not the size.
1 square mile = 409,600 dhur on the Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain) definition; 7,744,000 on the Tripura definition. Dhur = Square Mile × 409,600 (Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain)) · reverse Square Mile = Dhur × 0.00000244140625
| Square Mile | Dhur (Bihar / Jharkhand (Patna chain)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 409,600 |
| 2 | 819,200 |
| 3 | 1,228,800 |
| 5 | 2,048,000 |
| 10 | 4,096,000 |
| 20 | 8,192,000 |
| 50 | 20,480,000 |
| 100 | 40,960,000 |
| 200 | 81,920,000 |
| 500 | 204,800,000 |
| 1,000 | 409,600,000 |
Dhur, Tripura (3.6 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Dhur (Tripura) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 7,744,000 |
| 2 | 15,488,000 |
| 3 | 23,232,000 |
| 5 | 38,720,000 |
| 10 | 77,440,000 |
| 20 | 154,880,000 |
| 50 | 387,200,000 |
| 100 | 774,400,000 |
| 200 | 1,548,800,000 |
| 500 | 3,872,000,000 |
| 1,000 | 7,744,000,000 |
1 square mile = 5,120 kanal on the Standard (66-inch karam) definition; 6,195.2 on the Majha belt (60-inch karam) definition · 6,745.624197 on the Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam) definition · 7,648.395062 on the Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam) definition. Kanal = Square Mile × 5,120 (Standard (66-inch karam)) · reverse Square Mile = Kanal × 0.0001953125
| Square Mile | Kanal (Standard (66-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 5,120 |
| 2 | 10,240 |
| 3 | 15,360 |
| 5 | 25,600 |
| 10 | 51,200 |
| 20 | 102,400 |
| 50 | 256,000 |
| 100 | 512,000 |
| 200 | 1,024,000 |
| 500 | 2,560,000 |
| 1,000 | 5,120,000 |
Kanal, Majha belt (60-inch karam) (4,500 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Kanal (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 6,195.2 |
| 2 | 12,390.4 |
| 3 | 18,585.6 |
| 5 | 30,976 |
| 10 | 61,952 |
| 20 | 123,904 |
| 50 | 309,760 |
| 100 | 619,520 |
| 200 | 1,239,040 |
| 500 | 3,097,600 |
| 1,000 | 6,195,200 |
Kanal, Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam) (4,132.8125 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Kanal (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 6,745.624197 |
| 2 | 13,491.248393 |
| 3 | 20,236.87259 |
| 5 | 33,728.120983 |
| 10 | 67,456.241966 |
| 20 | 134,912.483932 |
| 50 | 337,281.20983 |
| 100 | 674,562.41966 |
| 200 | 1,349,124.839319 |
| 500 | 3,372,812.098299 |
| 1,000 | 6,745,624.196597 |
Kanal, Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam) (3,645 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Kanal (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 7,648.395062 |
| 2 | 15,296.790123 |
| 3 | 22,945.185185 |
| 5 | 38,241.975309 |
| 10 | 76,483.950617 |
| 20 | 152,967.901235 |
| 50 | 382,419.753086 |
| 100 | 764,839.506173 |
| 200 | 1,529,679.012346 |
| 500 | 3,824,197.530864 |
| 1,000 | 7,648,395.061728 |
1 square mile = 20,480 katha on the Bihar state standard definition; 38,720 on the West Bengal / Jharkhand definition · 9,680 on the Assam definition · 16,000 on the Bihar (Chhapra) definition · 14,663.195266 on the Bihar (Hajipur) definition · 8,533.333333 on the Bihar (Bettiah) definition. Katha = Square Mile × 20,480 (Bihar state standard) · reverse Square Mile = Katha × 0.000048828125
1,361.25 square feet either way, so the Square Mile to Biswa figures apply unchanged. What differs between the two is the record each word belongs to, not the size.
Every definition as a factor. Multiply square mile by the figure shown.
| Katha definition | Where | Katha per square mile |
|---|---|---|
| Bihar state standard (the definition used here) | Patna, Arrah | 20,480 |
| West Bengal / Jharkhand | Rural West Bengal, Ranchi | 38,720 |
| Assam | Assam (except Barak Valley) | 9,680 |
| Bihar (Chhapra) | Saran | 16,000 |
| Bihar (Hajipur) | Vaishali | 14,663.195266 |
| Bihar (Bettiah) | West Champaran | 8,533.333333 |
1 square mile = 102,400 marla on the Standard (66-inch karam) definition; 123,904 on the Majha belt (60-inch karam) definition · 134,912.483932 on the Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam) definition · 152,967.901235 on the Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam) definition · 123,904 on the HSVP urban estate definition. Marla = Square Mile × 102,400 (Standard (66-inch karam)) · reverse Square Mile = Marla × 0.000009765625
| Square Mile | Marla (Standard (66-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 102,400 |
| 2 | 204,800 |
| 3 | 307,200 |
| 5 | 512,000 |
| 10 | 1,024,000 |
| 20 | 2,048,000 |
| 50 | 5,120,000 |
| 100 | 10,240,000 |
| 200 | 20,480,000 |
| 500 | 51,200,000 |
| 1,000 | 102,400,000 |
Every definition as a factor. Multiply square mile by the figure shown.
| Marla definition | Where | Marla per square mile |
|---|---|---|
| Standard (66-inch karam) (the definition used here) | Most of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, J&K | 102,400 |
| Majha belt (60-inch karam); reported, not sourced | Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Tarn Taran | 123,904 |
| Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam); reported, not sourced | Jalandhar, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur, and Kangra in Himachal | 134,912.483932 |
| Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam); reported, not sourced | Parts of Kapurthala | 152,967.901235 |
| HSVP urban estate | Haryana urban estates | 123,904 |
1 square mile = 25.6 murabba on the Punjab canal colony definition; 40.96 on the Rajasthan (Indira Gandhi Canal) definition. Murabba = Square Mile × 25.6 (Punjab canal colony) · reverse Square Mile = Murabba × 0.0390625
| Square Mile | Murabba (Punjab canal colony) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 25.6 |
| 2 | 51.2 |
| 3 | 76.8 |
| 5 | 128 |
| 10 | 256 |
| 20 | 512 |
| 50 | 1,280 |
| 100 | 2,560 |
| 200 | 5,120 |
| 500 | 12,800 |
| 1,000 | 25,600 |
Murabba, Rajasthan (Indira Gandhi Canal) (680,625 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Murabba (Rajasthan (Indira Gandhi Canal)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 40.96 |
| 2 | 81.92 |
| 3 | 122.88 |
| 5 | 204.8 |
| 10 | 409.6 |
| 20 | 819.2 |
| 50 | 2,048 |
| 100 | 4,096 |
| 200 | 8,192 |
| 500 | 20,480 |
| 1,000 | 40,960 |
1 square mile = 921,600 square karam on the Standard (66-inch karam) definition; 1,115,136 on the Majha belt (60-inch karam) definition · 1,214,212.355388 on the Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam) definition · 1,376,711.111111 on the Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam) definition. Square Karam = Square Mile × 921,600 (Standard (66-inch karam)) · reverse Square Mile = Square Karam ÷ 921,600
| Square Mile | Square Karam (Standard (66-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 921,600 |
| 2 | 1,843,200 |
| 3 | 2,764,800 |
| 5 | 4,608,000 |
| 10 | 9,216,000 |
| 20 | 18,432,000 |
| 50 | 46,080,000 |
| 100 | 92,160,000 |
| 200 | 184,320,000 |
| 500 | 460,800,000 |
| 1,000 | 921,600,000 |
Square Karam, Majha belt (60-inch karam) (25 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Square Karam (Majha belt (60-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1,115,136 |
| 2 | 2,230,272 |
| 3 | 3,345,408 |
| 5 | 5,575,680 |
| 10 | 11,151,360 |
| 20 | 22,302,720 |
| 50 | 55,756,800 |
| 100 | 111,513,600 |
| 200 | 223,027,200 |
| 500 | 557,568,000 |
| 1,000 | 1,115,136,000 |
Square Karam, Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam) (22.960069 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Square Karam (Doaba belt (57.5-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1,214,212.355388 |
| 2 | 2,428,424.710775 |
| 3 | 3,642,637.066163 |
| 5 | 6,071,061.776938 |
| 10 | 12,142,123.553875 |
| 20 | 24,284,247.10775 |
| 50 | 60,710,617.769376 |
| 100 | 121,421,235.538752 |
| 200 | 242,842,471.077505 |
| 500 | 607,106,177.693762 |
| 1,000 | 1,214,212,355.387524 |
Square Karam, Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam) (20.25 sq ft):
| Square Mile | Square Karam (Kapurthala belt (54-inch karam)) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1,376,711.111111 |
| 2 | 2,753,422.222222 |
| 3 | 4,130,133.333333 |
| 5 | 6,883,555.555556 |
| 10 | 13,767,111.111111 |
| 20 | 27,534,222.222222 |
| 50 | 68,835,555.555556 |
| 100 | 137,671,111.111111 |
| 200 | 275,342,222.222222 |
| 500 | 688,355,555.555556 |
| 1,000 | 1,376,711,111.111111 |
1 square mile = 64,000 cent (exact). Cent = Square Mile × 64,000 · reverse Square Mile = Cent × 0.000015625
435.6 square feet either way, so the Square Mile to Biswa, Himachal Pradesh figures apply unchanged. What differs between the two is the record each word belongs to, not the size.
1 square mile = 619,520 chatak (exact). Chatak = Square Mile × 619,520 · reverse Square Mile = Chatak ÷ 619,520
| Square Mile | Chatak |
|---|---|
| 1 | 619,520 |
| 2 | 1,239,040 |
| 3 | 1,858,560 |
| 5 | 3,097,600 |
| 10 | 6,195,200 |
| 20 | 12,390,400 |
| 50 | 30,976,000 |
| 100 | 61,952,000 |
| 200 | 123,904,000 |
| 500 | 309,760,000 |
| 1,000 | 619,520,000 |
1 square mile = 3,097,600 gaj (exact). Gaj = Square Mile × 3,097,600 · reverse Square Mile = Gaj ÷ 3,097,600
| Square Mile | Gaj |
|---|---|
| 1 | 3,097,600 |
| 2 | 6,195,200 |
| 3 | 9,292,800 |
| 5 | 15,488,000 |
| 10 | 30,976,000 |
| 20 | 61,952,000 |
| 50 | 154,880,000 |
| 100 | 309,760,000 |
| 200 | 619,520,000 |
| 500 | 1,548,800,000 |
| 1,000 | 3,097,600,000 |
1 square mile = 11,616 ground (exact). Ground = Square Mile × 11,616 · reverse Square Mile = Ground ÷ 11,616
| Square Mile | Ground |
|---|---|
| 1 | 11,616 |
| 2 | 23,232 |
| 3 | 34,848 |
| 5 | 58,080 |
| 10 | 116,160 |
| 20 | 232,320 |
| 50 | 580,800 |
| 100 | 1,161,600 |
| 200 | 2,323,200 |
| 500 | 5,808,000 |
| 1,000 | 11,616,000 |
1 square mile = 25,600 guntha (exact). Guntha = Square Mile × 25,600 · reverse Square Mile = Guntha × 0.0000390625
| Square Mile | Guntha |
|---|---|
| 1 | 25,600 |
| 2 | 51,200 |
| 3 | 76,800 |
| 5 | 128,000 |
| 10 | 256,000 |
| 20 | 512,000 |
| 50 | 1,280,000 |
| 100 | 2,560,000 |
| 200 | 5,120,000 |
| 500 | 12,800,000 |
| 1,000 | 25,600,000 |
1 square mile = 193,600 lessa (exact). Lessa = Square Mile × 193,600 · reverse Square Mile = Lessa ÷ 193,600
| Square Mile | Lessa |
|---|---|
| 1 | 193,600 |
| 2 | 387,200 |
| 3 | 580,800 |
| 5 | 968,000 |
| 10 | 1,936,000 |
| 20 | 3,872,000 |
| 50 | 9,680,000 |
| 100 | 19,360,000 |
| 200 | 38,720,000 |
| 500 | 96,800,000 |
| 1,000 | 193,600,000 |
1 square mile = 12,906.666667 nali (recurring). Nali = Square Mile × 38,720/3 · reverse Square Mile = Nali × 3/38,720
| Square Mile | Nali |
|---|---|
| 1 | 12,906.666667 |
| 2 | 25,813.333333 |
| 3 | 38,720 |
| 5 | 64,533.333333 |
| 10 | 129,066.666667 |
| 20 | 258,133.333333 |
| 50 | 645,333.333333 |
| 100 | 1,290,666.666667 |
| 200 | 2,581,333.333333 |
| 500 | 6,453,333.333333 |
| 1,000 | 12,906,666.666667 |
1 square mile = 484 pura (exact). Pura = Square Mile × 484 · reverse Square Mile = Pura ÷ 484
| Square Mile | Pura |
|---|---|
| 1 | 484 |
| 2 | 968 |
| 3 | 1,452 |
| 5 | 2,420 |
| 10 | 4,840 |
| 20 | 9,680 |
| 50 | 24,200 |
| 100 | 48,400 |
| 200 | 96,800 |
| 500 | 242,000 |
| 1,000 | 484,000 |
Six of the thirty-two units are two names for one area with another, so their figures are identical to the last digit.
1 square mile = 64,000 decimal. A decimal and a cent are the same area, 435.6 square feet, so any Square Mile figure converts to the same number of either. Decimal = Square Mile × 64,000 · reverse Square Mile = Decimal × 0.000015625
1 square mile = 64,000 dismil. A dismil and a cent are the same area, 435.6 square feet, so any Square Mile figure converts to the same number of either. Dismil = Square Mile × 64,000 · reverse Square Mile = Dismil × 0.000015625
1 square mile = 3,097,600 gajam. A gajam and a gaj are the same area, 9 square feet, so any Square Mile figure converts to the same number of either. Gajam = Square Mile × 3,097,600 · reverse Square Mile = Gajam ÷ 3,097,600
1 square mile = 640 killa. A killa and an acre are the same area, 43,560 square feet, so any Square Mile figure converts to the same number of either. Killa = Square Mile × 640 · reverse Square Mile = Killa × 0.0015625
1 square mile = 102,400 perches. A perch and a marla are the same area, 272.25 square feet, so any Square Mile figure converts to the same number of either. Perch = Square Mile × 102,400 · reverse Square Mile = Perch × 0.000009765625
1 square mile = 3,097,600 square yards. A square yard and a gaj are the same area, 9 square feet, so any Square Mile figure converts to the same number of either. Square Yard = Square Mile × 3,097,600 · reverse Square Mile = Square Yard ÷ 3,097,600
The tables above are arithmetic, and for a square mile the arithmetic is the easy half. What decides whether the figure you started with is the right one to convert at all is The Square Mile in Indian Statute: Absent, Then Exact, Then Gone.
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